tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12578367482151758822024-03-08T15:03:54.635-08:00Best essay writingJulieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.comBlogger172125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-80852578281680821862020-08-27T00:22:00.001-07:002020-08-27T00:22:06.628-07:00Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3Business Ethics - Essay Example He further contends that those partners that have more noteworthy force, criticalness and authenticity may affect business execution. For example, PricewaterhouseCooper Company participates in policymaking process in the organization. Accordingly, on the off chance that they apply more noteworthy force and other striking nature models, they may wind up making a block to viable authoritative presentation. Be that as it may, there are the two advantages and restrictions of utilizing notability model in this commitment movement. The advantages incorporate noteworthy commitment to the idea administration and creating compelling answers for worldwide difficulties. Be that as it may, the issues may incorporate presenting difficulties and make dangers to worldwide issues. What is a potential future manager of me really doing as far as partner commitment exercises? What's my opinion of their exercises? Would i be able to perceive any connection with Power, Legitimacy and Urgency, and why the y picked this partner commitment movement? The conceivable future worker as far as commitment exercises will take part in viable dynamic procedure, educating ability system, warning board, taking part in corporate obligation announcing and partaking in other huge corporate jobs. Their exercises upgrade quality administrations in business exercises; henceforth, it is essential to direct business in understanding to the association prerequisites and rules. Drawing in partners in business exercises is imperative yet it is recommendable to arrange them as indicated by their work execution. This is on the grounds that partners vary and some have changed interests in business exercises. For example, the striking nature model is broadly utilized by numerous partners in business exercises over the globe; along these lines, utilizing a compelling partner the board technique can empower one to live up to their need and desires effectively. Consequently, there is a huge connection among force, authenticity and earnestness since this partner commitment will prompt better administration and affecting different towards accomplishing association objectives effectively. What could/should, in the event that I had the decision and dynamic force in my future managers organization, the organization be doing, which it as of now isnââ¬â¢t, as far as partner commitment exercises? How, utilizing Mitchellââ¬â¢s et alââ¬â¢s. (1997) ââ¬Å"salienceâ⬠(significance) properties (Power, Legitimacy and Urgency); would i be able to legitimize that as a decent action for them to do? On the off chance that I had a decision and dynamic force in my future bosses organization, the partners in the organization would pass on certain obligations, for example, bookkeeping the executives jobs, enlisting representatives and other minor organization exercises. This is on the grounds that a few partners may apply their capacity, authenticity and earnestness in a way that may present difficu lties to compelling execution; along these lines making representatives to get ineffective. Partners can influence the business result emphatically or contrarily (Crane and Matten, 2004). For example, a few partners may utilize capacity to assume responsibility for financial specialists on the off chance that the organization is secretly held as opposed to traded on an open market. By utilizing Mitchellââ¬â¢s remarkable quality model traits, I can excuse great exercises for partners, for example, arranging, dynamic procedure, direct administration and venture coordination process. Course Four: Ethical Leadership Debate Guiding Reflective Question Student Reflection What was the meaning of ââ¬Ë Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-5973390992029566962020-08-22T22:06:00.001-07:002020-08-22T22:06:16.145-07:00Antonio Vivaldis Biography :: essays research papersAntonio Vivaldi was conceived in Venice on March fourth, 1678. Despite the fact that appointed a minister in 1703, as indicated by his own record, inside a time of being appointed Vivaldi no longer wished to praise mass due to physical objections ("tightness of the chest") which highlighted angina pectoris, asthmatic bronchitis, or an apprehensive issue. It is likewise conceivable that Vivaldi was mimicking disease - there is a story that he here and there left the special raised area so as to rapidly write down a melodic thought in the sacristy.... In any occasion he had become a minister without wanting to, maybe in light of the fact that in his day preparing for the organization was regularly the main conceivable route for a poor family to get free tutoring. In spite of the fact that he composed many fine and vital concertos, for example, the Four Seasons and the Opus 3 for instance, he likewise composed numerous works which sound like five-finger practices for understudies. What's more, this is correctly what they were. Vivaldi was utilized for a large portion of his working life by the Ospedale della Pietã . Frequently named a "orphanage", this Ospedale was in certainty a home for the female posterity of aristocrats and their various dalliances with their fancy women. The Ospedale was in this manner plentifully supplied by the "anonymous" fathers; its decorations verged on the extravagant, the youngsters were all around cared for, and the melodic principles among the most elevated in Venice. A considerable lot of Vivaldi's concerti were in fact practices which he would play with his numerous capable understudies. Vivaldi's relationship with the Ospedale started directly after his appointment in 1703, when he was named as violin instructor there. Until 1709, Vivaldi's arrangement was restored each year and again after 1711. Somewhere in the range of 1709 and 1711 Vivaldi was not connected to the Ospedale. Maybe in this period he was at that point working for the Teatro Sant' Angelo, a show theater. He likewise stayed dynamic as an author - in 1711 twelve concertos he had composed were distributed in Amsterdam by the music distributer Estienne Roger under the title l'Estro armonico (Harmonic Inspiration). In 1713, Vivaldi was given a month's leave from the Ospedale della Pietã so as to organize his first show, Ottone in estate, in Vicenza. In the 1713-4 season he was indeed joined to the Teatro Sant' Angelo, where he delivered a show by the arranger Giovanni Alberto Rostori (1692-1753). Most definitely, the finish of 1716 was a high point for Vivaldi. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-90937774915788203902020-08-22T10:01:00.001-07:002020-08-22T10:01:29.684-07:00Motivational interviewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsInspirational talking - Essay Example Asmaââ¬â¢s case offers a down to earth model that persuasive meeting, which is customer focused, helps the customer to know her issues and create proper answer for tackle the current issues. Inspirational meeting can be depicted as a customer focused and mandate style of directing that is planned for carrying conduct change by helping customers to investigate, dissect and resolve troublesome conditions. When contrasted with different kinds of advising methods, inspiration meeting is objective arranged and spotlights straightforwardly on alternatives that are accessible for conduct change. The investigation and goals of the troublesome condition confronting the customer is the fundamental focal point of inspiring conduct change (Longshore &Grills,2000). Inspirational meeting, which applies the trans-hypothetical model of progress, advances social change by ending unfortunate conduct or receiving sound practices through six phases of conduct change. These are readiness, activity , backslide, thought, support and pre-consideration. Inspiration to change is animated by the customer and isn't forced by others, for example, advisors. Other inspirational methodologies weight on influence, compulsion, and useful showdown however dissimilar to inspiration talking with, they neglect to prepare and distinguish the inherent qualities and objectives that are basic to invigorate clientââ¬â¢s conduct change. In inspiration intercession, a clientââ¬â¢s status to change is a progressive result of relational relationship thus a specialist ought to be responsive and profoundly mindful to the persuasive indications of the customer. In inspiration talking with, restorative relationship resembles an organization which is planned for making a positive situation for change (Miller &Rollnick,1991). Substance misuse has become an upsetting and perilous contemporary pattern that has influenced the political, social and monetary existences of individuals. Its suggestions a re far bringing and numerous partners have proposed suitable measures to check it. One of the solid proportions of annihilating substance misuse and limiting its belongings is to help individuals to change their perspectives and practices towards its utilization and create propensities that will stop them from utilizing drugs. Inspiration meeting has become a basic instrument of helping individuals to limit tranquilize admission or stop the bad habit out and out (Block &Wulfert,2000). As a gathering, our job is to apply inspiration talking with standards in destroying and limiting the effect of substance misuse. The name of our customer is Asma. Our gathering comprises of four individuals, who fill in as a group in helping substance misuse customers to come out of the condition through persuasive meeting. The individuals are Fadumo, Glyn, Sharon, and Perpetua. Fadumo assumed a key job by picking a suitable culture that the gathering would draw the customer from. The way of life picked was Somali culture. Glyn figured out how to make suitable plans for the gathering and later educated the individuals about it. Sharon figured out how to watch the talking condition, distinguished the slip-ups for amendment and recorded the meeting. Perpetua was commanded with the job of overseeing issues engaged with recording of the meeting and correspondence issues, for example, overseeing email correspondence. The customer moves toward the gathering to help her to quit taking substances. As Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-66521696286804209992020-08-21T19:48:00.001-07:002020-08-21T19:48:13.636-07:00LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 wordsLAW - Essay Example The component truth of the assent, then again, alludes to the necessity that the assent by either or all gatherings must not have been vitiated by any deception, deceitful or something else, while the ability to contract is an individual prerequisite with respect to the gatherings of the agreement that they don't have any lawful exclusions to go into it. An exclusion for instance is minority. At last, the lawfulness of the agreement alludes to the capacity of the agreement and its terms to hold under the steady gaze of the law. Put at the end of the day, the agreement must not be legitimately invalid (Mead, Sagar and Back p 56). The issue at bar, requires the use of the laws of agreement development especially on the legitimacy of acknowledgments and offers. The current issue concerns the underlying period of agreement making which is the arrangement of the agreement. The issue here lies in the way that there was a mistake of the various components of the understanding like offer and acknowledgment and the difficult tries to decide if there was a substantial development of an agreement and with which parties. The issue includes UCL Property Developers, the enticing party, and two organizations competing for the structure contract: the DC Builders, and; the GB Construction. The request for occasions is: first, UCL gave out solicitations to delicate to building contractual workers for the development of its organization workplaces; second, DC Builders and GB Construction were the most minimal bidders and pre-qualifiers for à £ 2, 250,000, and à £ 2, 410,000, separately and each joined its own conditions and terms unmistakable from UCLââ¬â¢s; third, UCL granted DC with the agreement, in a letter, yet for a marginally less sum and as per its own terms; fourth, DC took steps to pull back its offer if UCL doesn't correct acknowledgment inside five days; fifth, DC officially Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-13489711143552464862020-08-21T07:43:00.001-07:002020-08-21T07:43:32.416-07:002013 Wait List Freshman - UGA Undergraduate Admissions2013 Wait List Freshman - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2013 Wait List Freshman We plan to make the final wave of freshman decisions available by 6PM today. For some students, you will be offered a place on our wait list. Every year our office has to predict approximately how many students we can admit in order to enroll our freshman class, but we can never be sure how many students will enroll until after the May 1 commitment deposit deadline has passed. If the number of students who say they will be attending UGA is lower than we expect, we may need to go to our wait list group in order to get the size that we want for our freshman class. Every year we have about 1,000 students on the wait list. We carefully monitor the deposits coming into the University to see where we are in comparison to the predicted freshman numbers. For those of you who have been wait-listed, here is a chance for you to comment. Please remember that this is not a blog where you should post statistics or throw fellow classmates under the bus. These types of comments will be deleted. The Wait List FAQ can answer some questions, but the most important thing you need to do is decide if you want to remain on the wait list. Follow the instructions on the status check or wait list letter we mailed to let us know if you want to stay on the wait list or if you want to decline this option and move forward with admission at another college. If you decide to stay on the wait list, you should still move forward with an alternate college plan as we will not know about any wait list options until May at the earliest. If you select to stay on the wait list, we will know that you still want to attend UGA if an opportunity opens up. The key word in wait list is wait as this is not a quick process. So please be prepared to wait. This year there are three options for the wait list reply. You can say no, please do not consider me for the wait list. The next option is to remain on the wait list, but only if it is for the Fall term. The third option is to remain on the wait list and be considered for both Fall and Spring terms. This is so that if there is space available for the Fall term, we will look at all of the students who have asked to remain on the wait list. If the only space available is for Spring term, we will only look at students who said Fall or Spring. Once you select an option, you cannot change it so be sure to think about your decision before you make your selection. We will not know details about the wait list until after May 15, and it may be well after that. Please be patient with our office and read the FAQ before asking questions as it can give you a great deal of information. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-2516746832710655592020-06-26T16:47:00.001-07:002020-06-26T16:47:03.726-07:00THE CRITICAL FAILINGS IN BANKING REGULATION - Free Essay Example Throughout the history of financial crises, prudential regulators and central banks have been considerably involved in developing a wide spectrum of regulatory tools to ensure the smooth functioning of the banking sector and maintain financial stability. Deposit insurance, Lender of Last Resort (LLR), prudential regulation and supervision have been extensively discussed in academic and literature as the three major components of government financial safety net. In the midst of these regulatory tools, the regulation of bank capital stands out as one of the most critical in the view of fostering banking stability and preventing financial crises. Regrettably, bank capital regulation (Basel II) has turned out to be a massive fiasco, probably the one of the most crucial main failings in banking regulation that intensified the severity of the recent global financial turmoil. Firstly, this chapter will discuss the history and rational behind bank capital as regulatory tools, and secondly examine the extent to which Basel II contributed to both the occurrence and the severity of financial crisis 07/08. Finally, we will examine the nexus between financial innovation and systemic risk, and critically discuss how central banks and financial regulators have lost sight of systemic risk control in the light of weaknesses of the incumbent macro-prudential regulatory framework. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BANK CAPITAL REGULATION The Banking system performs special functions including: asset transformation, liquidity insurance, development of payment systems and transmission of monetary policy impulses, investment monitoring, and risk diversification. The nature systemic banking risk and the pivotal role of banks in promoting economic development have been culminant considerations that underpin the rationality of banking regulation, Goodhart et al (2001, p.10) and Llewellyn (1999). One important lesson policy makers have learned from historical episodes of financial crises is the intrinsic fragility of the banking sector. Asset-liability maturity mismatches, banks runs and stock market crashes or any turbulent financial shocks at macro-level can deplete banks capital, resulting in systemic banking failures and serious disturbances in the financial system. The interconnectedness between banks with derivatives networks and financial linkages intensify the gravity of banking sector problems and eventually resu lt in a widespread of counterparty and systemic risk, leading to severe economic contractions and disruptions as we witnessed during the recent financial turmoil that followed the subprime crisis, Heffernan (2005). The main rationale behind introducing minimum capital adequacy requirement was to ensure that Banks hold sufficient capital to buffer against adverse financial shocks and unexpected losses, thus foster banks solvency and financial stability. Santos (2000, p.1) explained the importance of bank capital from the role it plays in banks soundness and risk-taking incentives, and from its role in the corporate governance of banks.Ãâà He argued that bank capital help not only reduce excessive risk taking and moral problems of created by deposit insurance, and but also consolidate the stability of the banking system by reinforcing the stand alone strength of banks in the midst of unexpected brutal financial storms, thus containing the eruption of systemic banking failures and minimizing the cost of government bailouts. Strong capital buffers are meant to absorb bank losses and minimize the occurrence of bank failures. The higher are the risks exposures of a Bank, the higher will be its capital charges; bank capital standards act a disciplinary mechanism that monitor Banks risk taking incentives. According to Allen and Gale (2007.p.193), bank capital plays a key risk sharing function by acting as a buffer that offsets depositors losses and allows orderly liquidation of the banks assets in the worse scenario of a bank failure. They further argued that incomplete markets justifies regulators involvement in setting bank capital to ensure optimal risk sharing and social welfare though appropriate capital rules that effectively mitigate the negative systemic externalities of bank failures. In 1988, G10 Nations signed Basel Accord for international bank capital standards. On December 1992, Basel I capital regulated were implemented to ensure that Banks h old sufficient capital to buffer against their credit risk exposures. Fast pace developments in financial innovations, market-based finance, securities and derivatives trading led policy makers to amend Basel I in 1994 and 1999 to provide more accurate capital provisioning covering wider aspects of financial risks including market risk, interest rate risk and operation risk. In June 2004, as a response to mounting criticisms against Basel I that followed the Asian financial crisis [1997-98], the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) published a new complex framework with three pillars titled Basel II. First of all, Basel I was criticized for inadequately coverage of all bank risks exposures. Secondly, risk calibrations and weightings were too simple and not properly done, thus did not accurately reflect actual underlying risks, Weber (2009). Thirdly, most importantly Basel I framework neglected issues regulatory arbitrage, Jackson et al. (1999). Atkinson et al (2008b, p.70) argued that Basel I allow Banks to easily manipulate their capital requirements using a disintermediation strategy by shifting between on-balance sheet assets with different weights, and by securitizing assets and shifting them off balance sheet. As a result, financial institutions accumulated excess capital, higher than minimum regulatory requirements, which regrettably did not constrain their risk appetite, Blundell-Wignall et al (2008). Basel II was scheduled to be fully operational by the end of 2006. However, the complexity of risk-sensitive capital requirements calibration under Basel II was so complex that it required longer transition periods than previously planned. Many financial institutions had not yet fully implemented Basel II till 2007 when the subprime crisis erupted in the US. Though Basel II cannot be fully blamed for triggering the subprime crisis, the entire financial crisis has thrown significant light on deficiencies of Basel II regime. Consequently, appropria te corrective measures have been implemented in the so called Basel II enhanced framework- 2009 and many other financial reforms are underway to strengthen banking regulation at an international level. UNDERSTANDING THE DEFICIENCIES OF BASEL II SYSTEM PILLAR 1: Risk Measurements Basel II is based on three pillars. The first pillar defines minimum capital level banks should hold as reserve to buffer against unforeseen losses. The calibration of risk adjusted capital adequacy requirements is based on complex risk weights applied separately to different asset classes and then summed up to determine total Risk weighted asset ( risk coverage included: operational risk (OR), credit and market risk (MR)). The basic principle under Pillar I is to assign capital charges based on the size risk exposures. Simply put: the higher the risk exposures are, the higher is the level of capital buffers imposed. Calibration of capital requirements: {RWA= {12.5(OR+MR) + 1.06SUM [w(i)A(i)]} (where: w(i) is the risk weight for asset I A(i)) see: Atkinson et al (2008b, p.72 }. Basel II provided Banks with three options with regard to their risk assessments based on which capital charges are defined. Small financial institutions with no capacity to model their risk and quantify their risk exposures internally could follow either the simplified approach with the fixed risk weights terms defined in Table 1, or a second approach based on external rating provided by Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs). The third option is the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach under which big sophisticated banks are allowed to use their internal risk management model to assess the probability of default (PD) and losses given risk exposures at default (LGDs), Blundell-Wignall et al (2008). The IRB system required not only high caliber internal expertise to gauge risk-sensitive weights with complex aggregation and quantitative risk modeling methods; but also high level of banking supervision to ensure full disclosure, transparency and accuracy of risk inputs in these financial risk models. In all cases, it is critical to properly calibrate risk for capital regulation to be effective. Source: Adrian Blundell-Wignall and Paul Atkinson (2010) BASEL II COMPOUNDED BANKS APPETITE FOR MORTGAGES As we discussed earlier on in the previous chapter, macroeconomic conditions (abundant liquidity and low interest rates between) led financial institutions to seek after higher return. Atkinson, Blundell-Wignall, and Lee (2008a) argued that Basel II stimulated financial institutions appetite for mortgage financing, hence helped fuel the housing bubble. Under Basel I, 50 % capital weight was required for on-balance sheet mortgages and Zero for secruritzed mortgages shifted off balance sheet through SIV, while newly published Basel II (2004) required 35%, and possibly as lower as 15% or 20% for sophisticated banks, depending their ability to use the complex internal ratings-based (IRB). However, under Basel II capital charges will apply for mortgages whether treat on and off balance sheet. The Basel Committee allowed banks to anticipate new bank capital rules (Basel II) before they become fully operational in January (2008) as planned in many countries. It is therefore rational that lower capital weights inevitably made mortgages more attractive for large banking groups such as Citi and Northtern Rock that opted for (IRB), allowing them to aggressively invest in residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS) to generate higher return on capital for low-capital-weighted mortgages, (see: Figure 1, Basel II advance estimates compared to Basel I Minimum Capital for Commercial Banks in the US). Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac (GSEs), main players in the US mortgage market, grew their mortgage portfolios from $160Bn to $1.5 trillion between 1990 and 2003. The Fed did not respond to this systemic threat, but rather stimulated the housing bubble with excessive quantitative monetary stimulus post the 2001 recession. These low interest rate policies triggered a demand bubble for mortgages, resulting in GSEs mortgages portfolio exploding to approximately $3.2 trillion in 2007, Carosio (2010). Blundell-Wignall and Paul Atkinson (2008a) have empirically modeled the impact of Basel II introduction in 2004 on RMBSs acceleration (see Summary of result in Figure 2). In 2004, many other financial institutions which continued to operate under Basel I immediately responded to this regulatory arbitrage opportunity by rapidly accelerating mortgage lending through extensive off-balance sheet securitization vehicles (SIV), while awaiting Basel II to become fully operational. Figure 1 Figure 2: Model-based Contributions to the RMBS Explosion RISK CONCENTRATION AND REGULATORY ARBITRAGE The Basel system defines Risk adjusted Capital requirement based on a mathematical model many assumptions, most notably the portfolio invariance assumption; that is risk adjusted capital charges should depend only on the risk of that loan, not on the portfolio to which it is added Atkinson et al (2008b, p.72). Mathematically speaking, capital charges for credit risk exposures of mortgage loan rises linearly with respect to holdings in that assets type, but remain independent to the exposure size that is, appropriate diversification is simply assumed! Blundell-Wignall et al.(2010, p.4). Such assumption facilitates the application of mathematical models underpinning Bank capital rules with the convenience of simple additivity. However, not only portfolio invariance rules out the importance of specific risk diversification and its impact on the overall portfolio risk, but it also most importantly fails to consider the concentration risk in the portfolio. This created an arbitrage oppo rtunity created that enable banks to expand their investment in profitable mortgage lending by significantly leveraging their capital without considering the danger of excessive risk concentration mortgage assets. THE NORTHERN ROCK EXAMPLE Northern rock, a key player in the UK mortgage market, was one of the first banks to anticipate Basel II and choose IRB approach. The Bank aggressively concentrated and grew its mortgage assets by excessively rolling short-term debt. Northern rocks rapid expansion of mortgage products in anticipation of Basel II was fully fueled by massive liquidity funding on wholesale markets which regrettably did not properly match with its liabilities. As a result, the explosion of the subprime meltdown (with falling house prices, collapse of CDOs markets and huge default mortgages products, liquidity frozen on financial markets), Northern rock to suffered a bank run; the first bank run recorded in Britain since 1866. Northern rock achieve considerable average annual assets growth rate estimated to 20% and concentrated more than 75 % of its assets in mortgage related assets to lower their capital charges. The regulatory arbitrage opportunity led the bank to forgo an equity building culture for credit expansion culture based on debt building in order to uplift shareholders return on capital and share price, Atkinson, Lee et al (2008, p.9). In June 2007, as the subprime earthquake began to erupt, Northern Rock recorded GBP 2.2bn equity capital and GBP 113bn total assets, making the bank one of the most highly leveraged in the midst of the liquidity turmoil. Their risk weight asset under Basel II was GBP 19bn, equivalent to 16.7 % total assets; while Under Basel I their capital charges amounted to GBP 34bn (a ratio of 30 % to total assets), Atkinson, Lee et al (2008, p.9). Bank of England intervened with à £23 billion liquidity injection; approximately 15times the amount of regulatory capital required by Basel II [à £1.52 billion], Rochet (2008, p.7). MORAL HAZARD AND THE ROLE OF CREDIT RATING AGENCIES In the IRB approach risk inputs are subjective and this exacerbates moral hazard problems in the banking system in the absence of a tight and robust supervisory framework. Off balance sheet and over the counter risk exposures (like CDSs) were not fully observable by financial regulators. Also, the unavailability of sufficient historical data (about new structured financial products) made it a difficult task for quantitative risk managers to model and forecast risk exposures; increasing the tendency of banks to become less transparent in risk disclosure and manipulate inputs in risk modeling to reduce their bank capital requirements, Blundell-Wignall and Atkinson(2008b). According to Bair (2007), Chair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ the key risk inputs that drive the advanced approaches are subjective ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ unreliable and unproven. In the context of the subprime crisis, financial regulators failed to e xercise higher level of due diligence vis-à -vis the reliability and accuracy of IRB system of banks. As a result of risk was mispriced and capital charges were inconsistently lower with regard to actual risk. The role of Credit Rating Agencies in the financial turmoil 07/08 has been extensively discussed. External rating by CRAs is a fundamental part of risk assessments approaches under pillar I (Basel II). CRAs, legally authorized risk experts, were trusted enough not only with the potential to advise banks on risk rating and analytics, but also with the capability to provide credible, consistent and accurate inputs to risk ratings, based on which regulatory bank capital are charged. However, this overreliance in CRAs turned to be scandalous, particularly regarding the misprice of risk associated to senior tranches of CDOs that were rated triple AAA, making them seem riskless and very attractive to investors. As matter of fact CRAs boosted the demand CDOs which eventually hel ped boost the housing bubble. Also, the misprice of risk, led to insufficient capital buffers that has significant increased the magnitude of banks vulnerability due to excessive risk concentration in subprime related exposures. PRO-CYCLICALITY EFFECTS Heid (2003), Gordy and Howells (2004), Pederzoli et al (2009) provide substantial evidence of pro-cyclical effects of risk-sensitive bank capital requirement. While asset prices tend to increase the upper phase of the business cycle, in contrast, the riskiness of assets tend to fall, encouraging bank to take on extra risk and aggressively compete to increase their profit in so called good times. Brunnermeier, Goodhart et al (2009, Page xii) argued that competitive forces activates an automatic disciplinary mechanism, causing banks to respond to the dynamics of markets development during economic booms by: (i) expanding their balance sheets to take advantage of the fixed costs of banking franchises and regulation (ii) trying to lower the cost of funding by using short-term funding from the money markets and (iii) increasing leverage. According to Nickell et al. (2000), Bangia et al. (2002), macroeconomic and market conditions are keys drivers of asset values, stock market volatil ity and credits risk factors across the entire business cycle. It therefore becomes rational that risks vary in line or pro-cyclically with the business cycle, increasing the tendency to lax risk judgments in good times and overestimate them is bad times. Dowd (2009, p.161) and Repullo and Suarez (2009) explained how risk inputs in IRB and external rating (CRAs) tends to be less rigorous in times of economic booms as compared to recession times, leading to degrade risk weights in expansion phases of the business cycle. This ultimately resulted in lower capital charges in good times, as we have witnessed during the recent housing bubble, encouraging credit expansion through excessive leveraging of capital when a downturn is most probable. Dowd (2009) argued that the procyclicality of Basel II risk sensitive capital requirement contributed to the severity of crisis. Figure 3 is a perfect graphical illustration of risks fluctuation over the business cycle in the United States. The char t is graphical representation of the trends in aggregate assets as a ratio of risk-weighted assets over the US business cycle (represented by trends in GDP). We could easily observe that risk weighted assets followed a downward trend during the high tech bubble also referred to as the dot com bubble (1998-2000). Oppositely, following the bursting of the dotcom bubble which triggered the 2001 recession, risk weighted asset took an upward sloping trend. The same procyclical effects were also remarkable in the last phase housing bubble with the introduction of Basel II in 2004. Figure 3: US GDP and Total Assets/Risk-weighted Assets Blundell-Wignall and Atkinson (2008b) argued the IRB approach and external rating of CRAs (Under pillar I) exacerbated this procyclicality impact. He explained that neither banks nor CRAs predicted with complete accuracy future asset prices and stock market volatility. They all based their risk rating estimations of probability of default and loss given default based on actual business cycle conditions. Financial innovations (CDOs, CDS) facilitated regulatory arbitrage by making possible for banks to reduce their capital charges by either shifting risk off balance through SIV (motor of securitization process) or transferring credit risks to other financial counterparts by trading CDSs. Faulty risk assessments permitted banks to become highly leveraged, up to 40:1, Blundell-Wignall et al (2008a). Basel II over-relied on both banks internal risk rating models and credit rating agencies risk assessments which unfortunately turned out to be too procyclical. FAILINGS IN BANKING SUPERVISION: PILLAR 2 AND 3 Pillar 2 emphases on the banking supervision process in which prudential supervisors stress test banks soundness and provide them with essential prudential guidance to ensure that they hold sufficient capital buffers for risks that might have been overlooked under Pillar 1. An effective banking supervision review process requires a forward looking approach with dynamic provisioning of capital charges to effectively in counteract all risks misjudgments under Pillar I. The extraordinary complexity large financial institutions and instruments and fast pace nature of financial markets movement makes a challenging task for supervisors to keep themselves updated with dynamic markets practices, structures and complexity, and to forecast with accuracy futures markets volatility and assets prices, Blundell-Wignall (2008a, p75) . The subprime crisis was mainly a sequel of massive supervisory failures. It is interesting to know that Bair (2007), Chair of the FDIC, expressed dubious concerns o n regulators ability to mitigate the shortcoming of risk-sensitive bank capital rules. He argued that the unreliability of capital adequacy standards makes it even more rational to question the ability of ill-equipped financial supervisors in overcoming the defects of capital standards requirements (in Pillar I). Scientists including astronauts, physicians, engineers and mathematicians are now heading quantitative risk modeling teams within large financial institutions. These risk modelers often called quant determine internal risk tolerance using extremely complex mathematical financial models such as Value at Risk models (VaR), (the most widely used risk model, often discredited for being alarmingly sophisticated, inaccurate and grounded in misleading assumptions), Dowd(2009). Dowd (2009, p.148) argued that sophisticated VaR Models used by banks are unreliable due to high level complexity (and so greater scope for error), less transparency (making errors harder to detect), and gre ater dependence on assumptions (any of which could be wrong). Banking supervisor were far behind latest trends of financial innovation, particularly in risk management, and as a result could not match the level of expertise of investment banks quantitative risk modelers. Regulators did not have skills to accurately assess and control risk-taking and dynamically gauge capital charges. Not only supervisors overrated internal risk management models, but their extreme lasses-faire attitude vis-à -vis banks potential to adequately manage their risk exposures internally created exorbitant moral hazard problems that eventually ruined institutional risk management systems and corporate governance. For example, in the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA), renown as one of the best highly sophisticated financial supervisors with qualified staffs, authorized Northern Rock adherence to Basel II IRB approach. Though FSA fully understood that this decision would significantly reduce and weaken Northern Rocks capital, but it couldnt exercise supervisory due diligence and prevent the bank from compounding risk taking, expanding lending through leveraging of capital, excessively concentrating its assets in mortgages products to benefit lower capital charges. Pillar 3 places emphasis on market discipline and disclosure and enforce sanctions to ensure sound and transparent risk management practices within banks. Having discussed the shortcomings of the supervisory review process, the unreliability and subjectivity of risk inputs in internal risk management models (under IRB approach), and the procycilaty of risks, it is rational to be skeptical about the accuracy risk reporting. How can supervisors ensure market discipline if they can properly assess risk themselves? Financial markets volatility and bubbles, and the complexity of new structured financial securities make the mark-to-market reporting complicated and inaccurate. In addition, risk reporting fo r OTC traded derivatives and off-balance exposures are extremely difficult and very demanding for both to supervisors and insiders; giving enough room to these last one to manipulate their institutional risk management system to achieve higher return, hence worsening moral hazard problems. KPMGs Audit Committee research survey (2008) indicated out of 1 080 audit committee members (including 150 in the UK), only 38% were satisfied with internal risk reporting, Kirkpatrick (2009, p.11). FINANCIAL INNOVATION AND SYSTEMIC RISK Though deficiencies of the Basel system enable financial institutions to lower their capital requirement and expand mortgage lending to uplift returns, the debate about casual distortions in banking regulation cannot be ended without further elaborating on the key role played by financial innovations both in the housing bubble and the spread of systemic risk. As financial institutions aggressively sought after higher return in the midst of the global liquidity bubble, the crisis recorded an uncontainable explosion of highly complex financial innovations on a global scale. Credit Default Swaps (CDSs) and Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) are incontestably the most popular structures financial products that have played a critical role in the financial crisis, see Figure 45. In simple terms, CDOs are bonds underlying pools of asset back securities such as mortgages; and CDSs is a credit risk transfer contractual agreement between a buyer and a seller, where by the seller agrees t o compensate the buyer in the event of default in exchange of periodic fee till the CDS contract reaches maturity. The originate distribute model enabled banks off load risks from their balances through structured investment vehicles (SIVs) and facilitated credit risks transfer to a wide spectrum of investors into wider markets. Figure 4 Figure 5: Growth in CDS Before the crisis, many were those who firmly believed that the securitization will strengthen financial stability through effective dispersion of credit risk, making macroeconomic and adverse financial shocks easily absorbable and spread across a diversified pool of investors, Shin (2009). Before the subprime crisis, the IMF (2006,p.51) also believed that the dispersion of credit risk by banks to a broader and more diverse group of investors, rather than warehousing such risk on their balance sheets, has helped make the banking and overall financial system more resilient. When the subprime crisis erupted, everyone i ncluding Financial regulators got to realize that risk transfer through securitization can contribute to financial fragility and increase systemic risk in the absent of adequate supervision. Demyanyk and Hemert (2007) and Keys et al. (2007) provide solid empirical evidence that securitization eroded sound principles of underwriting standards and resulted in very poor credit quality. According to Aloko and Tuson (2010, p.6), the Mortgage Meltdown marked the end of this age of ignorance and lifted the veil on the ugly truth of securitization. It is very regrettable that prudential regulators neglected the simple fact that credit risks transfer will enhance financial stability in the short run but at the detriment of rising systemic risk in the long run. The more risk is transferred through complex and highly leveraged financial instruments (such as CDSs or CDOs), the stronger becomes interdependencies and financial linkages between counterparts within the financial system, hence the h igher level of systemic risk! Regulators overlook the danger of CDOs and CDSs systemic risk exposures and how this exposure could be managed if the worst comes to the worst Chorafas (2009, p. xii). SLUMBERING REGULATORS AND SYSTEMIC RISK Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac (GSEs) grew their mortgage portfolios from $160Bn to $1.5 trillion between 1990 and 2003, and then to approximately $3.2 trillion in 2007, Carosio (2010). The senior tranches of CDOs were rated AAA by CRAs, making them appear very attractive and as safe as US government bonds, while in reality they were very risky junk bonds. The markets for CDOs grew rapidly to approximately $1.2 trillion by the end of 2007 according to IMF statistics. CDSs markets was over the counter, out of control, unlimited and significantly exploded to feed investors natural instincts to mitigate their credit risk exposures to collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Investment banks heavily traded CDSs to hedge against their excessive risk concentration in mortgage related assets; over $60 trillion CDSs were outstanding in the wake of the subprime meltdown (Dowd 2009, p46). CDSs eventually became a major source of revenues for many financial institutions and large insurance companie s. For example Lehman Brothers had approximately $ 400Bn outstanding CDSs obligations to honor, Brettell Karen(2008). A greater systemic trouble would have evolve if the US federal government did not provide $170Bn immediate assistance to AIG, which was also on the edge of bankruptcy with over a $1.6 trillion in CDSs obligations to counterparts including US large investment banks and many other large financial institutions across the globe. Lehmans bankruptcy in Sep 2008, the greatest of financial story, triggered a systemic spread of credit defaults and financial panic on international financial markets. The fear of counterparties risk severely contracted liquid on interbank markets as banks felt insecure lending to each other, see figure 67. The systemic fallout of Lehman Brothers collapse has exacerbated the liquidity crisis and the international market situation, which had been unsettled for more than a year, see: Bank of France Commission Bancaire (2008). Rapid propagation o f contagion risk led to uncontainable systemic breakdown that undermined global financial stability and exacerbated financial markets distress. The lack of due diligence and inability of financial regulators to impose markets discipline and anticipate the systemic implications uncontrolled financial innovations (complex securitizations, unlimited networks of toxic CDS) compounded systemic risk and resulted in a highly leveraged and fragile banking system. According to Chorafas (2009, p. xiii) financial regulators including FSA, SEC watched this happening in the false belief that markets correct their own excesses. They all got it wrong, and macroprudential regulation inevitably failed. Figure6: Three month and interbank rate Figure7: Financial market liquidity indexes Source: Bloomberg: (e) Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy Source: Bank of England, 2009 POOR MACRO-PRUDENTIAL SURVEILLANCE Based on the experiences of past financial crises, Davis E P (1999) examined financial data and macroeconomic indicators needed for macro-prudential surveillance. The table below show a cross county study that indicates different factors which have led to historical episodes of financial crises across the globe, see Table 2. It is interesting to notice that most factors which caused financial crises in the past as the same which triggered the recent global financial turmoil. There is enough reason to believe that regulators either have chosen to be blind and neglect all early signal of the development systemic risk in financial system, or they were incapable to impose market discipline on banks. The debt bubble originating from both macroeconomic imbalances and extensive securitization, the excessive risk concentration in mortgage products, the housing bubbles, decline in lending standards, faulty risk reporting and supervisory systems, uncontrolled financial innovations, unlimited trade of toxic OTC derivatives (CDSs) were clear symptoms that a financial crisis was under way. These alarming alerts should have been timely addressed to prevent or contain the severity of the recent financial turbulence. Do regulators really learn from their past mistakes, many were the warning signals to the subprime meltdown, debt accumulation financial innovation and risk concentration, unfortunately as the Larosià ¨re report confirm there was no regulatory responses till these embryonic systemic risk signals fully developed and engulfed the entire the financial system. The High-level group on financial supervision in EU (Report 2009, p40) affirmed to have identified macro-prudential risks there was no shortage of comments about worrying developments in both macroeconomic imbalances and the lowering price of risk, for example; [However] there was no mechanism to ensure that this assessment of risk was translated into action. Table 2: Macro-prudential surveillance indicato rs Davis E P (1999) THE UK EXAMPLE In the United Kingdom, macro-prudential regulation failed due defects in the tripartite regulatory system introduced by Gordon brown in 1997 under which the banking supervision functions were separated from Bank of England and delegated to an independent and well structured financial regulator (FSA). In the context of regulatory failures in the UK, it is no longer a secret that the FSA overemphasized on micro-prudential regulation (the supervision of individual financial institutions) and unfortunately paid less attention to systemic risk developments in the financial system (macro-prudential supervision). The FSA not only failed enforce market discipline on banks excessive risk taking and leverage (Northern rock case) but also had no capabilities to gauge systemic risk and stress test the stability of the UK financial system as a whole. The tripartite structure resulted in imperfect information flows between the Bank of England and the FSA, leaving the central bank with no powers over the banks and a bank regulator with no remit to monitor the bigger picture Osborne (2009, p.15). A clear lesson to retain from the financial is that systemic risk has significantly grown in todays globalized financial system and as such a perfect coordination between micro and macro prudential regulation is imperative to ensure financial stability. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-19950887358316174102020-05-25T02:11:00.001-07:002020-05-25T02:11:02.998-07:00Human Resorce Management vs. Operations Management... Orlandus Leonard Human Resources Management vs. Operational Management Kaplan University MT 435 Operations Management Human Resources Management and Operational Management are two very distinct managements that are strangely co-dependent of each other in my view. Operations Management is responsible for designing, operating and improving productive systems or in laymanââ¬â¢s terms, systems for getting work done. Operations Managers are found in all walks of life. In anything you basically do or have done there are operations managers. When you go to the store, when you buy gas, in factories, in hospitals, banks even in your government there are operation managers. They are the ones who design systems, who ensure the quality of yourâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Congruence- the goals must be consistent such as recruiting talented workers capable of innovative research and development of company products. Project management is managing the work to develop and innovate or even change within an existing operation. There are five steps in this management: Initiating the project, Planning and controlling all activities to keep the project on schedule, executing every phase of the projects process, monitoring/ controlling reviewing and regulating the progress and performance of all phases of the project, Closing process this is where all processes are finalized and completed to officially close the project out. Human Resource Management basically deals with the people or resources while Project Management deals with the project and what needs to be done, while Operations management deals with doing the job. References http://www.newsamerica.com/whoweare/Pages/operatingprinciples_new.aspx Russell, R. S., Taylor III, B. W. (2014). Operations and Supply Chain Management, 8th edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/human-resources-managers.htm#tab-2 Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-27805822944813706432020-05-18T21:03:00.001-07:002020-05-18T21:03:05.343-07:00The Struggle for Freedom in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of... Struggle for Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour are two very similar stories. Both deal with middle-aged women who long to attain their freedom. They share the same theme, but convey the message differently in terms of style and quality. The two stories are about women who are fighting for freedom, happiness, and the ability to be truly expressive in any way possible. The greatest similarity is between the female protagonists of each story. Each woman is desperately searching for freedom, but not allowed to have it. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the female protagonist depressed. To treat her sickness, she is sent with her husband to live in a haunted mansionâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She is also forced to stay inside that room for every part of the day and she is not allowed to express her creativity in any shape or form. The Story of an Hour is very similar to this, but contains many differences. Its like the other story in the way that the main character is in a room by herself, but she was not forced into the room, and she could leave if she wanted to. Its also similar in the way that she wants her freedom. However freedom is different from the other story .The woman wants to actually be free and be able to live her own life. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the woman wants to experience her own life, but, more importantly to her, to have the ability to express herself and be creative. She wants to be able to write and take walks while in The Story of an Hour the wife wants to live without her husband. Both of these characters want freedom, but only one gets it. In The Story of an Hour, the woman believes freedom is hers, but the shock of her losing it again causes her to have a heart attack and die. However, Death is eternal freedom. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the woman goes crazy for lack of freedom, yet does not die. She goes crazy and experiences her own type of freedom, but her freedom is only temporary, and once she leaves the house she is going to start getting better. Another similarity between these two stories is that both of the characters have husbands who takeShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper And The Story Of An Hour Analysis983 Words à |à 4 PagesCharlotte Gilmanââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠and Kate Chopinââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠both take place primarily in domestic spaces representative of the attitudes and feelings of each character. ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠tells the story of a young womanââ¬â¢s decent into depression and madness, commonly attributed to the excessive and unnecessary control her husband exerts over her. ââ¬Å"The Story of an Hourâ⬠delves into the conflicted mind of a young woman after hearing the news of her husbandââ¬â¢s death and herRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper And The Story Of An Hour Analysis780 Words à |à 4 PagesThroughout history, women have struggled to be seen as equals and have had to fight for their freedom from the roles society placed upon t hem. Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman both use their literary works to show the challenges women went through, and how they battled for the freedoms they desperately wanted. ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠is a short story about a woman that goes to a summer home to rest and get well under the supervision of her husband who is also a physician. Her husband decidedRead MoreFiction Analysis879 Words à |à 4 PagesEnglish 102 Dr. Alexander October 14, 2010 Fiction Analysis The two short stories, ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Story of an Hourâ⬠, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The short story, ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story about the struggle of a woman to gain her freedom and to get her own life apart from her controlling husband. The physician, who also happens to be the womanââ¬â¢s husband, keeps her in aRead More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Story Of The Hour917 Words à |à 4 Pagescreate a theme in a short story. Most of the factors are the elements of fiction, which include plot, setting, characters, symbolism, conflict, and point of view. The two stories that will be compared in this essay are ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and ââ¬Å"The Story of the Hourâ⬠by Kate Chopin. The elements that especially contribute to creating a theme for these short stories are the characters, point of view, and plot. The characters of both stories play a main role in moldingRead MoreFiction Essay: Yellow Wallpaper and Story of the Hour1517 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Victoria Reyes English 104-OL5 Professor Steiner September 9, 2013 ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and Story of The Hour: A Character Analysisâ⬠Marriage has often been described as one of the most beautiful and powerful unions one human can form with another. It is the sacred commitment and devotion that two people share in a relationship that makes marriage so appealing since ancient times, up until today. To have and to hold, until death do us part, are the guarantees that two individuals makeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman764 Words à |à 4 PagesMarch 2016 The Yellow Wallpaper In Charlotte Perkins Gilmanââ¬â¢s short piece, The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator faces many adversities as a woman such as: mental health, and living in a time period when they are not treated equal to men. Gilmanââ¬â¢s personal life is reflected through this story because she dealt with similar challenges the narrator herself has to overcome. ââ¬Å"Her lectures, novels, short stories, magazine articles (including her best known work, ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠), and nonfictionRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper And The Story Of An Hour1601 Words à |à 7 PagesJanae Parham Instructor: Cherie Shields WR121 11/8/15 The Story of The Yellow Wallpaper Women have traditionally been known as the less dominant sex. Through history women have fought for equal rights and freedom. They have been stereotyped as being housewives, and bearers and nurturers of the children. Only recently with the push of the Equal Rights Amendment have women had a strong hold on the workplace alongside men. Many characters in literature are conceived from the tension women have facedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Essay1453 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper is a story that exemplifies the common belief during the 1800ââ¬â¢s. During then women were never held accountable for any duties other than being house bidden due to the weakness of handling stress. In the 1800s society was known to look past women who did anything besides house chores and raising children. Majority of women were then meant to be housewives and mothers and seen as the trophy wife and nothing more. It was extremely uncommon for the average women to want to furtherRead More The Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism1139 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminismà à à à à à à à à à à ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠explores mental illness and, through this exploration, presents a critique of the place of women in a patriarchal society. Interestingly, Charlotte Perkins Gilman never intended the latter. The primary intent of her short story is to criticize of a physician prescribed treatment called rest cure. The treatment, which she underwent, required female patients to ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢live as domestic a life as possibleââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Gilman)Read More`` The Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman858 Words à |à 4 Pagesme, but one expects that in marriage.â⬠Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote, ââ¬Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage.â⬠In her The Yellow Wallpaper men attempted to prevent women from achieving their intellectual and creative potential by making women be their subordinates. The dreadful wallpaper that Gilman came to hate in her story is a symbolic representation of her personal life were as she gets married her role is limited to that of a domestic servant as her husband exercises Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-3827451093966901892020-05-14T09:04:00.001-07:002020-05-14T09:04:05.135-07:002019-20 LSAT Costs and Fee Waivers The basic fee for the LSAT during the 2019-2020 academic year is $200, and thisà cost increases for each law school to which you apply. Additional fees include things like test date changes, test center changes, and handscoring of your exam. A typical law school applicant will often spend over $500 on the LSAT, and nearly all law schools require the LSAT. The tables below provide details on the fees associated with the LSAT. Basic Fees The LSAT Test $200 Basic fee includes Digital LSAT and LSAT Writing Credential Assembly Service (CAS) $195 LSAC's service that summarizes undergrad transcripts, creates law school reports, and processes letters of recommendation and electronic law school applications. Your CAS account remains active for 5 years. Law School Report $45 The LSAC provides a Law School Report to each law school to which you apply. The Law School Report includes an academic summary report, LSAT scores and writing sample, transcripts, admission index, and letters of recommendation. Standalone LSAT Writing test $15 For applicants who wish to retake the LSAT Writing LSAC offers package options if youââ¬â¢re sure that you will be applying to one or more law schools after taking the exam. The single-report package and six-report package include the LSAT, LSAT Writing, CAS, and Law School Report(s). The packages offer a small discount over individual pricing. Auxiliary Fees Test Center Change $125 Fee to change testing location. You may choose another available test center before the change deadline. Test Date Change $125 Fee to change the date of your LSAT exam to another date within the same testing year. The date change request must be made before the deadline for your current test administration. Handscoring (optional) $100 After you receive your LSAT Score Report, you may request handscoring if you believe your test has been scored incorrectly.Requests for handscoring must be received no later than 40 days from the test date. Nonpublished Domestic Test Centers $295 If you can't travel to a published/listed test center, and you're farther than 100 miles from an open, published center, you may request to test elsewhere. The nonpublished test center fee for Domestic Test Centers is in addition to the LSAT Test Fee. Nonpublished International Test Centers $390 The nonpublished test center fee for International Test Centers. This fee is in addition to the LSAT Test Fee. LSAT Registration Refund $50 Partial refund for LSAT registration fees. Request for a refund must be made before the refund request deadline for your test administration date.Note that change of test date, change of test center, and nonpublished test center fees are not refundable. CAS Registration Refund $50 Partial refund for Credential Assembly Service (CAS) fees may be requested as long as transcript summary process has not begun, no letters of recommendation have been received, no electronic applications have been sent to LSAC for processing, and CAS registration has not expired. LSAT Fee Waivers Fee waivers for the LSAT are available, but the criteria to qualify for a waiver are stringent. Those eligible to be considered for LSAT Fee Waivers are limited to U.S., Canadian, or Australian citizens, U.S. nationals, U.S. permanent resident aliens, those who have applied for or been granted deferred action under DACA, permanent residents of Canada, or refugees in Canada.à Qualified applicants need to meet specific standards, and, according to LSAC, ââ¬Å"only those with extreme need should apply.â⬠After submitting an application for a fee waiver, applicants will be required to submit federal tax forms for verification. If qualified, the waivers will cover two LSAT tests, which must be taken within a two-year period, one LSAT writing, one CAS registration, and six CAS Law School Reports. Those applying to more than six schools will need to cover the additional costs independently. Note that some law schools will waive application fees for LSAC fee waiver recipients. The LSAC website provides additional information about how to apply for the LSAT fee waiver. Case Studies The $200 LSAT exam fee represents just a portion of the costs associated with applying to law school. Chances are you are going to pay $500 or more in total LSAT costs as the examples below illustrate. Gretaà is applying to five law schools, and each of those schools requires the Credential Assembly Service. She will need to pay for the LSAT registration, CAS, and five score reports. Her situation is typical of most law school applicants. Total Cost: $620.Justin registered for the LSAT, and he is planning on applying to eight law schools, but he had to change his testing date. Each of those schools either requires or recommends the Credential Assembly Service. Justin will get billed for the LSAT, testing date change, CAS, and eight score reports. Total Cost: $880.Fernando is applying to six law schools. The first time he takes the LSAT, he doesnt get scores that are strong enough to be admitted to his top choice schools, so he takes the LSAT again. When a family crisis comes up, he has to change his test center location. His schools all require the Credential Assembly Service. Fernando will need to pay for the LSAT twice, CAS, his test center change, and six score reports. Total Cost: $990.à Source ââ¬Å"LSAT CAS Fees and Refunds.â⬠à The Law School Admission Council. Article edited and expanded by Allen Grove Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-15814960562392510722020-05-06T21:12:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:12:05.024-07:00Forms of Tourism - 4598 Words CHAPTER 3 FORMS OF TOURISM Forms of tourism can be discussed in terms of the displacement of persons within certain conditions. These trips always take the visitors outside their usual environment, but might take them also outside their country of residence into another economy. Forms of tourism can also be discussed in terms of the different types of tourism in a particular country, i.e. ecotourism, sports tourism, health tourism, etc. FORMS OF TOURISM - DISPLACEMENT OF PERSONS In economic measurement, countries are usually interested in looking separately at effects whether they occur on their soil or within other economies. This issue is particularly relevant in the case of tourism which by nature supposes that individuals displaceâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦NATIONAL PARKS â⬠¢ Mulu National Park, Sarawak â⬠¢ Kinabalu National Park, Sabah â⬠¢ Taman Negara, Pahang â⬠¢ Other National Parks In Malaysia HILLS â⬠¢ Cameron Highlands, Pahang â⬠¢ Frasers Hill, Pahang â⬠¢ Bukit Tinggi, Pahang â⬠¢ Other Hills In Malaysia THINGS TO DO â⬠¢ Agro-Tourism â⬠¢ Angling â⬠¢ Bird Watching â⬠¢ Cave Exploration â⬠¢ Your Diving Paradise â⬠¢ Eco-Tourism â⬠¢ Golfing - 200 Courses To Choose From â⬠¢ Mountain Biking â⬠¢ Mountain Climbing â⬠¢ River Cruising â⬠¢ Rock Climbing â⬠¢ Exhilaration in Tropical Waters â⬠¢ Sport and Recreation â⬠¢ White Water Rafting â⬠¢ Wreck Diving â⬠¢ 4 Wheel Drive Expeditions â⬠¢ More Adventures Ecotourism evolved from nature tourism, which can be defined as, ââ¬Å"Ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areasâ⬠. Using the same definition, ecotourism can be defined as ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that fosters environmental and cultural understanding application and conservation. Ceballos-Lascurain (1993) defined ecotourism as, ââ¬Å"Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populationsâ⬠. The National Ecotourism Plan for Malaysia, a study prepared for the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism,Show MoreRelatedThe Alternative Forms Of Tourism2904 Words à |à 12 Pagesalternative forms of tourism, such as sustainable travel, adventure travel and volunteer travel that give a purpose to the travel that you make. From the preparation before your travel, the actions that you take during your trip, and the living style that you pursue afterward, you can become a responsible traveler that makes a change to the world. However, while alternative forms to mass tourism may be meaningful, this paper will also evaluate some positive and negative impacts due to tourism and discussRead MoreSustainable Tourism Through Alternative Forms of Tourism Essay1883 Words à |à 8 PagesSustainable tourism is only achievable through the development of alternative and new forms of tourism. Critically discuss this statement with reference to one or more examples of alternative tourism in develo ped or developing countries. The development of Sustainable Tourism has allowed society to meet their own present needs, without compromising such needs of future generations (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). Much attention in relation to sustainable tourism has been devoted to Alternative Tourism. 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Countries around the world started to rely on tourism as a form of foreign income. Countries particularly in developing countries that are heavily relying on tourism are generating greater benefits. According to Afrodita (2012), she points out that the industrialised countries, which known as the developed countries and the developing countries have become an important part of tourism development strategy. Nowadays, tourism does helpRead MoreThe Similarities And Differences Of Tourism And Event Management1424 Words à |à 6 Pagessimilarities and differences of tourism and event management within the chosen destination, Vietnam. These similarities can be related to festivals while differences can be related to business trips and locals events Vietnam is a country with nearly 90 million people, and over 6 million tourists visiting in 2014, reaching $4.5 billion in revenue and rising (Ha.P, 2015). With these numbers it is easily seen that tourism plays a large role for Vietnamââ¬â¢s economy. Tourism can be define as the activitiesRead MoreIntercultural Conflict : Intercultural Conflicts1382 Words à |à 6 Pagesdecreased productivity in an organization and may even lead to the decline of the organization. Avoiding intercultural conflicts enables an organization to improve the relationship between the employees and reduce cases of misunderstanding. Some common forms of misunderstanding at the workplace are related to ethnicity, education, and generations (Ting-Toomey, Oetzel, 2001). By adapting a diverse work environ ment, the conflicts can be avoided. Ethnicity as a conflict in the workplace is concerned withRead MoreThe Medical Tourism Industry Is Beneficial1728 Words à |à 7 Pagesmedical treatment) and host (country people are resorting to). To strengthen the argument as to why the medical tourism industry is beneficial is that it provides an opportunity to successfully promote the image of India as a healthcare destination as it forms customer relations with foreign travel companies as well as other global medical relatives (Singh, 2014, Pg.8). ââ¬Å"Medical tourism can be considered a kind of import: instead of the product coming to the consumer, as it does with cars or sneakersRead MoreInnovative Sustainable Tourism Novel Approach1544 Words à |à 7 PagesINNOVATIVE, SUSTAINABLE TOURISM-NOVEL APPROACH Dr.Shalini Sood* Mr.Mohsin K.Chougle** *Lecturer, Dept of Home Science Govt.Girls P.G.College, Rewa. **Senior Cost Accountant-Financial Control Dept.Banta Furniture Kuwait. ABSTRACT: A rapid and massive movement of tourists within a shorter span of tourist season puts a heavy pressure on tourist resources. The usage of tourist attractions is likely to be damaged Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-74206766671185982362020-05-06T15:00:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:00:34.679-07:00Feminism Is Not A Dirty Word - 1039 Words Alyssa Hollingsworth Inst. C. Calhoun English 101 Expository Draft September 4, 2015 Feminism is Not a Dirty Word As the topic of feminism has become an arising concern in society, lots of people have associated it with a negative connotation. For centuries, the mistreatment of women have been a constant battle, and some of our generation fails to understand the concept that women are equal to men. The misconceptions and stereotypes of feminism have led people to ignore and ridicule the importance of the feminist movement. The feminist movement is not just solely limited to proving that women are equal to men, weââ¬â¢re also busy killing the patriarchy, slaying misogynists, fighting the battle for women of color, actively promoting LGBTQâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Before you can choose where you stand in political topics, you have to research the topic, see what you agree with and what you donââ¬â¢t agree with. The same goes for the topic of feminism. According to a Huffington Post poll that started in 2013, only 20% of Americans consider themselves feminists, however, when the same peo ple were asked if they believed women should be equal in terms of social, political and economic standards, 82% of people said they did. Feminism is so widely recognized as a negative thing, which is why only a select few identify themselves as a feminist, and this needs to change. Feminism, has been, is, and will continue to be a fight for women to get social, political and economic justice they so righteously deserve. Feminism is not a complex idea. Feminists can be any person of any gender, sexuality, religion, race or age. If you believe that women deserve the same opportunities as men, you are a feminist. The gender pay gap is real. According to the White House, women who work full time, only make 77% of what men make (Other studies have shown this percentage is closer to 84%). In the lower entry level careers, the pay gap is almost even, but as women go farther up the food chain in their careers, the gap widens between women and men, and they end up working about forty days mo re than men before earning the same amount of them for the previous year. From a young age, every girl can remember being told, ââ¬Å"Sit Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-10293582853867829912020-05-06T04:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T04:49:09.712-07:00Ralph Ellison Essay Example For Students Ralph Ellison Essay The Path of the White Men Versus The Path of the GrandfatherThe narrator in Battle Royal, by Ralph Ellison, is confused and disillusioned. He is black man trapped in a world of cruelty and social inequality with nobody to guide him. He is being ripped apart in two directions by the advice of his grandfather and by the wishes of the white society which he longs to please. While attempting to satisfy their wishes, he forgets what is most important- his own dignity. The narrators problem is rooted with his parents. They refuse to discuss his grandfathers advice with him, and as a result he never knows exactly what it means. One could see how it would be confusing to a young boy:Son, after Im gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemys country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lions mouth. I want you to overcome em with yeses, undermine em with grins, agree em to death and destruction, let em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open (Ellison 430). His grandfather followed this advice by saying, Learn it to the younguns, (Ellison 430) and then he died. The advice was meant for the young children, and yet they were never taught its meaning. The narrator was left to ponder its meaning, and his confusion left his mind in constant guilt and disillusionment. His grandfather had always been a model citizen. He was a quiet, meek man who always acted in a desirable way towards the whites. And then, on his deathbed, he called himself a traitor and a spy. What haunted the narrator is that he acted in the same manner as his grandfather did, and had always received compliments and praise from the whites in his society. And on the other hand, his grandfather referred to those acts as being treacherous. This brought about a feeling of guilt in the narrator. How could he maintain the respect of the whites without being dubbed a traitor? It took him a while, but eventually he learned the meaning of his grandfathers advice. He was doing the acts that his grandfather meant, when he referred to the good fight. However, there was one major difference issue that he didnt understand. In trying to impress the high-standing white members of his community, he allowed them to take advantage of his ambition. He wanted to impress them because he felt that they were the ones who mattered, and only their respect and admiration counted. This was the difference. His grandfathers advice was meant to have the younguns put on a mask when with the whites. Their opinion did matter, because it was them who controlled society and them who determined the quality of life in the black community. But the agreeing and sucking up that was done had to be artificial. His inner-self must be preserved, otherwise he would be nothing more than a slave to the whites. The good fight is the battle to maintain his own dignity, and also earn the praise of the whites. This is the only way to maintain ones self-respect and survive (or maybe even advance) in a white-dominated society. Battle Royal gives the reader a frightening look at just how society looks at blacks. In the story, the narrator and another group of young, black boys are humiliated and degraded simply for the entertainment of some older white men. The narrator goes to the gathering with the intention of delivering a speech which he earned acclaim for from the white superintendent. He was incredibly excited, and was hoping to impress the other whites in the community. He is driven by the desire to please the whites, and therefore advance his own standing among them. He measures his accomplishments by what the white men think of him. He says it was a triumph for his whole community (Ellison 431) when he was asked to deliver that speech again, and couldnt be more proud. Of course, things didnt go exactly as he had planned. The white men whom he had hoped would treat him with respect proceeded to humiliate him just as they did to his black peers, whom he referred to as tough guys. One example is when the boys are presented with the white exotic-dancer. Many of the white men in the room force the boys to look at the dancer, while others threaten them when they do. It is clear that at the time that this story was written, black men could never show any kind of attraction towards white women. This was an unwritten, but inexcusable law of society with harsh consequences. Just 3 years after the book was written, a young black man by the name of Emmett Till was lynched for simply whistling at a white woman whom he must have found attractive. Now, it becomes rather obvious the stress and apprehension that this group of boys must have felt when forced to look upon that beautiful white dancer. Some of them cried, one of them fainted, and another tried to hide the proof of his arousal. The fear they must have felt is unimaginable. Even when they tried to leave, the white men, who seemed to find humor in the situation, forced them to watch despite their fear. The narrator spoke of the whit e dancer as I want to caress her and destroy her, love her and murder her. This is showing that he is very much attracted to her despite the fact that he shouldnt be. His attraction to her is natural, and he is only feeling what most men would feel. He understands that his attraction could hurt him, and this is why he says he not only wants to caress her, but because of this attraction he also wants to destroy her. He loves her, and because of this he wants to murder her. He sees her as a danger to his own life because it is impossible for him to control his dangerous feelings for her. .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .postImageUrl , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:hover , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:visited , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:active { border:0!important; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:active , .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4db3645cabb04af2e73063a74cbf80e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Quality Education EssayThe night progressed and brought along with more disgrace for the boys. The boxing match between the narrator and the other boys was the next event in the evening of humiliation. They were blindfolded and told to fight each other like wild animals. They continued to beat on each other while echoes of the white mens taunts and threats were all they could hear. In the end, it came down to the narrator and the bigger Tatlock as the only ones in the ring. Tatlock was quite a character. His ideals differed greatly from those of the narrator, and the narrator called him a stupid clown for it (Ellison 436). The narrator could still only think of his spee ch that he would deliver at the end of the night despite being beaten and humiliated at the hands of the white men whom he still longed to impress. He goes as far as to offer Tatlock money to throw the fight in order to enhance his own image in front of the white men. Tatlocks response surprises him, as he refuses and says Ill break your behind (Ellison 435). His reasoning, though, is why he is actually living the life of the grandfather and not the narrator. Tatlock refuses to take the money not for the white men, but for himself. He wants nothing more than to beat the narrator into oblivion. He is not doing this to impress them, but instead for himself. He is working for the whites, and is in the same ring with the narrator, but he still manages to maintain his own soul, his own inner-self. He acts on his own feelings. This is where he differs from the narrator, who is in the ring only to impress the whites. The narrator is naive, and blind to the truth of society. The truth is th at despite his efforts and talent, he could never reach the level among the whites that he desired simply by his conduct and manner towards them. They would always consider him a step below their social standing, and would never allow him to reach their level. He had a place in society, and that would not be permitted to change. His desires along with the determination of the whites were illustrated quite clearly during his speech at the Battle Royal. At the end of the night, after he had successfully endured humiliation and physical pain at the hands of the whites, his speech finally came. At this point, the reader gets a very good glimpse at just how the whites see him now after he has suffered for them. While delivering his speech, he mistakenly brings up the word social equality (Ellison 439). At the mention of this, he is berated by a white member of the audience, and told to know his place at all times (Ellison 439). He must know his place. Well, his place was right at the fee t of the whites, and that is exactly where they intended to keep him. Though still, he continued to persist. He swallowed a great amount of blood during the speech from cuts he had suffered in the fight, and refused to spit it out for fear that it may detract from his speech. He certainly was determined, and willing to sacrifice anything- including his dignity. Well, the narrator would eventually come to an understanding of his grandfathers advice. He states that he first had to attend college though. In the end, the narrator did actually benefit from his grandfathers advice, which had tortured him for so long. He states during the story (referring to his grandfather), It was as though he had not died at all (Ellison 430). This is a very true statement. The advice that he gave to the young boy stayed with him for a long time, and in the end guided him to an understanding of the ways of society. The grandfather had his greatest affect on the narrator after he was dead, so it was as if he never died at all because his good fight carried on. .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .postImageUrl , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:hover , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:visited , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:active { border:0!important; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:active , .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27 .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95b5d04bfb4a99682015d923f8192a27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug Abuse EssayWords/ Pages : 1,716 / 24 Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-7379506558774344282020-05-05T16:27:00.001-07:002020-05-05T16:27:18.885-07:00ââ¬ÅDesert Placesââ¬Â and ââ¬ÅStopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningââ¬Â Essay Example For Students ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ⬠Essay Robert Frost takes our imaginations to a journey through wintertime with his two poems ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ⬠. Frost comes from a New England background and these two poems reflect the beautiful scenery that is present in that part of the country. Even though these poems both have winter settings they contain very different tones. One has a feeling of depressing loneliness and the other a feeling of welcome solitude. They show how the same setting can have totally different impacts on a person depending on their mindset at the time. These poems are both made up of simple stanzas and diction but they are not simple poems. In the poem ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠the speaker is a man who is traveling through the countryside on a beautiful winter eventing. He is completely surrounded with feelings of loneliness. The speaker views a snow covered field as a deserted place. ââ¬Å"A blanker whiteness of benighted snow/ With no expression, nothing to expressâ⬠. Whiteness and blankness are two key ideas in this poem. The white sybolizes open and empty spaces. The snow is a white blanket that covers up everything living. The blankness sybolizes the emptyness that the speaker feels. To him there is nothing else around except for the unfeeling snow and his lonely thoughts. The speaker in this poem is jealous of the woods. ââ¬Å"The woods around it have it ââ¬â it is theirs. â⬠The woods symbolizes people and society. They have something that belongs to them, something to feel a part of. The woods has its place in nature and it is also a part of a bigger picture. The speaker is so alone inside that he feels that he is not a part of anything. Nature has a way of bringing all of her parts together to act as one. Even the animals are a part of this wintery scene. ââ¬Å"All animals are smothered in their lairs,/ I am too absent-spirited to countâ⬠. The snow throws its blanket of whiteness over everything and to him it is a feeling of numbness. ââ¬Å"The loneliness includes me unawaresâ⬠. The speaker has lost his enthusiasm for life. He can not express his feelings easily because of this feeling of numbness. The speaker is also in denial about feeling alone. He is at a stage where he just does not care about too much and he is feeling a bit paranoid. ââ¬Å"They cannot scare me with their empty space. He is saying who cares how I feel, I do not need anyone else. ââ¬Å"I have in me so much nearer home/ To scare myself with my own desert placesâ⬠. The speaker was starting to realize that he had shut himself off to the world. He recognized that this winter place was like his life. He had let depression and loneliness creep into his life and totally take over like the snow had crept up on the plain and silently covered it. If he continues to let these feelings run his life, eventually everything would be snuffed out much like the snow does to nature. Stopping by Woods on a Snowny Eveningâ⬠is a much happier and more upbeat poem than ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠. This poem is about stopping to enjoy life or as the cliche goes, stopping to smell the roses. ââ¬Å"But I have promises to keep,/ and miles to go before I sleepâ⬠. The speaker in this poem was a very busy man who always had obligations to fufill and places to go. A feeling of regret is present. The man would like to stay and enjoy this private nature scene longer but he knows that he has other things to do. Again, Frost gives us a beautiful nature scene but this time we enjoy welcome solitude. .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .postImageUrl , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:hover , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:visited , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:active { border:0!important; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:active , .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862 .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua142e8b73b56672dbbdf5f0948ba6862:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf And Monster EssayThe woods are lovely, dark and deepâ⬠. This poem expresses the joy of nature. The speaker seems concerned about what the rest of society would think about him just stopping in the middle of nowhere for no apparent reason. His horse represents society. ââ¬Å"My little horse must think it queer/ To stop without a farmhouse nearâ⬠. He admits that just stopping does seem odd. He is also somewhat concerned about the man who owns the woods. The man almost feels guilty for looking so lovingly at this other manââ¬â¢s woods. ââ¬Å"He will not see me stopping here/ To watch his woods fill up with snowâ⬠. I think that the speakers life may be a little better off since he stopped to take a deep breath and enjoy all that really matters, the simple things. ââ¬Å"Stopping by Woods an a Snowy Eveningâ⬠is the opposite of ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠. The settings were exactly the same; calm, dark wintery evenings, but they express totally different feelings. ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠is a very depressing poem with a dark tone. The other is very happy and it makes you wish that winter was already here. These two poems are very different but they are also the same in some ways. They show two extremes of the same emotion. Being alone can be positive or negative it just depends on the state of the mind. Loneliness can be very depressing or it can be a time to collect your thoughts without the pressures of the outside world crashing down. Winter is the perfect season to reflect upon when expressing solitude. Winter can make everything seem dead. It can be a very depressing time of year. Snow covers everything living and the cold seems to chill to the very soul at times. Winter can also be very uplifting. It can wipe the slate clean with its pureness and it can be a time of starting over. Snowââ¬â¢s whiteness can, in a way, blind you with its beauty and make you forget about your troubles. Winter for me is a time of silent reflection. I could sit for hours and gaze at the blowing snow. Robert Frost creates two winter scenes with different outcomes. The first, ââ¬Å"Desert Placesâ⬠is a sad poem about loneliness and lost enthusiasm. ââ¬Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningâ⬠is a rather uplifting poem about enjoying simple things in life. Frost seems to draw upon his experiences from living in rural New England and converts those experiences into beautiful poetry. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-71907020399927603612020-04-11T17:57:00.001-07:002020-04-11T17:57:04.438-07:00Cyber Security Persuasive Essay Sample - Will it Cost Money?Cyber Security Persuasive Essay Sample - Will it Cost Money?Have you ever wondered if a cyber security persuasive essay sample is available for free? It's not difficult to find out if there is any free sample essay available. You just have to do a little bit of searching around the Internet.Now if you are trying to learn cyber security this can be a very overwhelming task. Some people who are more concerned about using it professionally, will have the exact same opinion on this topic.Of course, cyber security is a serious concern, but even if it is just for fun, you must understand how this is an easy way to prepare for the exams. If you've taken other courses that involve cyber security, and you want to save money, then this is an excellent way to go. When you're working at home, there really isn't time to spend on college courses, you may as well give this a try.It's important to take some time to think about a persuasive essay sample for cyber security. What are the types of mater ial you are going to use?A sample essay sample for cyber security should provide information on how the essay will look like. For example, you need to think about the wording and the topic of the essay.There are many different types of cyber security writing and you need to make sure that the writing style suits your needs. If you have been asked to write about public speaking, then you would need to research on public speaking and how the skills you possess can help in that area. Some types of essays are better written than others, and it is something you need to know.Using a persuasive essay sample is not always free, but there are ways to get one for free if you are willing to spend sometime doing a little research. The more time you spend doing this, the more valuable your purchase will be. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-74511289862742645622020-04-06T11:06:00.001-07:002020-04-06T11:06:03.927-07:00On August 30, 1831, is the mos... free essay sample On August 30, 1831, is the most exciting news for Charles Darwin. He got the offer of a position on the H.M. S. Beagle. This offer was from his guidance, Henslow, at Cambridge. Henslow had been welcome to be the natural scientist for the ship, but he had turned down the opportunity. Fitzroy is a twenty-six-year-old male, and he was the captained at the time. He was anxious to have the brotherhood of somebody who was of his social class. Majority of the experienced naturalists had turned out to be occupied or reluctant, so Henslow gave the opportunity to Charles Darwin who has no experience. Sadly, there was an obstacle to be crossed before he is allowed to take off on his journey. He was required to get his blessings from his father, Robert, but the dad had enough of Charless laziness and attitude. Charles left the town, so he can talk to his uncle, Josiah, about his problems. We will write a custom essay sample on On August 30, 1831, is the mos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Josiah concurred with his nephew that this was an ideal opportunity. He thinks that there was absolutely no motivation to believe that the voyage would interfere with his profession when he returned. Later, the uncle composed a letter to Robert listing the reasons why the voyage would be useful for Charles. He came back to his hometown to find that his father had been persuaded. If Josiah was not there for the help, Charles would never get the experience to travel. Charles was happy. The ship was originally planned to depart in two or three weeks, but as he was getting ready, he got bad news. It has been said that there was a miscommunication and Fitzroy had just guaranteed the situation to a companion. Charles would only get the position if the companion cannot or declined the request. Regardless of the misfortune, he raced down to London to meet the captain for a meeting. Fitzroy appeared to be unpredictable. A few days later, Fitzroys companion gave up the position, so Charles has taken the position. He additionally discovered that the journey will probably be somewhat three years than two. The ship, H.M.S. Beagle, was delayed so many times even though it is readied, but poor climate postponed the crew much more. On December 10, they finally set sail, yet were soon turned back by storm winds that caused trouble and left Charles wretchedly disgusted. He was not happy about it. On December 21, couple days before Christmas, they had what resembled consummate climate and attempted once more. Fitzroy had an awful start, so he quickly controlled the ship on solid land, however luckily nothing was harmed. When Charles woke up after his first nights sleep on the boat, he found that they were gone to England. A gust of wind from the southwest was pushing them back to where they had originated from. On December 27, after Christmas, the ship finally left. Their very first stop was intended to be Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a similar place that Darwin had always wanted to visit with Henslow. Shockingly, they must be isolated for twelve days before landing, because of the current cholera outbreak in Britain, so the captain gave the request to set sail for St. Jago in the Cape Verde Islands, 300 miles off the African drift. As the ship is moving, Darwin started his work as a naturalist by gathering tiny fish, plankton. When they arrived at St. Jago, he climbed through the well of lava slopes, experiencing his first tropical wilderness in a little valley and seeing genuine proof of geographical change: a layer of compacted ocean shells in the precipices thirty feet above ocean level. On February 8, 1831, they visited at St. Pauls Stones to execute birds for sustenance. After that, they traveled to Bahia. The ship crew spent several weeks in South America before they take off to Rio. His most energizing find was a fossil Megatherium, an extinct ground-abiding relative of the sloth. This was back on September 22. This must be the biggest moment for him because it is rare to found fossils and my favorite part of the book. It is fascinating. Darwin would collect data and samples to send it off to Henslow, his friend. At the beginning of 1833, a year and couple months later, they almost got their ship sunk from an awful climate. They made it securely to the home region of the Fuegians. They had expedited board from Britain, two gentlemen and a lady who had been kidnapped by the captain on a past excursion. They dropped off the Fuegians with an English minister who would have liked to spread Christianity. However, when the Beagle returned nine days after the fact that preachers things had been stolen. The Captain had purchased the second boat in the Falklands. Darwin took off, voyaging 200 miles in two weeks and executing eighty various types of birds and different species. He kept on sending his samples to Henslow. This is the part where it improves my understandings of biology. He used these birds to study different types of finches beaks and how they adapt food based on their environment. The Beagle got to travel south again in the last month of the same following year, passing strange countries on its way through the Straits of Magellan to where the prisoner Fuegians had been dropped off a long time previously. Darwin headed inland towards the Andes with a group of people and tools, yet arrangements ran low and they were compelled to turn back before contacting them. Luckily, he knew he would have an opportunity to contact them from the opposite side when the Beagle went to Chile in South America. On June 6, 1834, they made it around the Horn and touched base at the island of Chiloe, off the west shoreline of southern South America. From that point, they went to Valparaiso on the last week of July. Since it was winter, it was excessively unsafe, making it impossible to achieve the Andes legitimate, however, Charles Darwin made it to the lower regions in August, returning through Santiago. There was a little scary moment for a second: Fitzroy had clearly had a breakdown because of questions about the exactness of his estimations on the eastern shoreline of South America. Luckily, the officers persuaded him to continue his post and it was settled that there was no compelling reason to come back toward the east drift for promoting estimations. Beginning in the spring, he finally accomplished his fantasy of seeing the Andes very close. After coming back from the successful Andes campaign, Darwin rejoined the Beagle for the excursion north to Lima, where they touched base on mid-July 1835. Two months later, they traveled west into the Pacific Ocean to their first look at the Galapagos Islands, which Charles Darwin w as later to make well known, on September 15. Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean near South America. Charles saw different species of marine iguanas, birds, lizards, and even big tortoises that live on land. The sad part is that they killed at least a dozen of tortoises for samples and specimen. When he moves to different small islands, he noticed that the birds are somewhat different than others. He is very curious why these birds are different than others. He drew different types of finches beaks in his journal. Charles also noticed that the giant tortoise has different shapes of the shell. The left the island on October 20, 1835. In conclusion, The Voyage of the Beagle is not just a vital book in the historical backdrop of present-day thought yet, in addition, an exceedingly critical one in the life of Darwin. As a young fellow, Charles had a little feeling of business or heading. When he was only sixteen-years-old, he started a profession of medicine at Edinburgh College. Finding, in any case, that he was unfit for the calling, he entered Christ School, Cambridge, after three years in 1828 to set himself up to be a pastor. Neglecting to take respects or to separate himself in any capacity, he acknowledged the offer of Captain Fitzroy of the Beagle to sign on as a naturalist on a voyage the world over that, in the end, took five years. Amid that time, Darwin found himself and his profession as well as started mentioning those objective facts that he later formed into the hypothesis of advancement clarified in On the Origin of Species. This work, together with crafted by Karl Marx and of Sigmund Freud, constituted an intense impact on twentieth-century logical idea and qualities. In this book, we have this man whose thoughts have reformed totally our comprehension of life, composing with fascinating about the voyage which started and formed his reasoning regarding the matter. He is one of the historys most influential thinkers. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-36706641575841929392020-03-08T23:29:00.001-07:002020-03-08T23:29:02.088-07:00The Causal Factors of Divorce in America essaysThe Causal Factors of Divorce in America essays It is hypothesized that one causal factor of divorce among heterosexual American couples is financial problems. It is said that the number one cause of divorce is financial problems. No mater how rich or poor a person is, one constant subject of marital disagreements leading to divorce is money. In reality, of course, it is not the lack of money that causes divorce. The vast majority of couples who split cite money as the main or primary factor. A recent study found that 57 percent of divorced couples said financial disputes were a primary cause of marital discord (Larson, Newell, Topham, Nichols, 2002). Ten percent said it was the main cause of divorce. However, the issue of money doesn't always have to lead to the demise of a relationship. For married couples the financial aspect of the relationship actually has some benefits(Johnson, Wright, Ketring, 2002). There is a sense of stability and security when two people can work together and manage money cooperatively (Johnson, Wright, Ketring, 2002). Married couples also enjoy more tax benefits than singles because they are more likely to own a home than to rent. However, money can cause some serious pr oblems in a relationship. While different views about money can lead to strife, experts say many times the issue of money is only the lip of the iceberg for a mound of problems that exist in the relationship (Johnson, Wright, Ketring, 2002). One money issue for couples of today have to deals with is the women bringing home the larger paycheck (Crouter, Sayer, McHale, 2001). Now more women are working and many of them are holding down high-paying, professional jobs. Women generally are the money managers in the relationship responsible for budgeting, balancing the checkbook, etc. with little or no input from their partner(Lavee & Katz, 2002) . This was not much of a problem for couples say, a generation ago, when the man was the primary breadwinner of the household. The resentme... Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-53801429476221508432020-02-21T13:55:00.001-08:002020-02-21T13:55:03.911-08:00Topic Selection and Rationale (Attempt 1 ) EssayTopic Selection and Rationale (Attempt 1 ) - Essay Example The ability to properly define and/or guarantee protections for unique works or concepts could easily lead to stalemate if the intellectual property is governed domestically yet regulated abroad when doing business in foreign nations. In microeconomics, comparative advantage could explain a potential stalemate when it comes to intellectual property protection. This is when a firm has the ability to produce a work or product at a lower opportunity cost than competition. An opportunity cost is when the highest valued alternative must be sacrificed to select another strategy. If one business operates in a market where there are many competitors, and are able to experience lower cost in the action, competition may be more adamant about protecting their intellectual property as a competitive tool. Because the WTO acts as an agency and forum for these discussions, it is likely that the WTO will become engaged in trying to settle the dispute. A competing company might have very high cost objectives, however they cannot lower their opportunity costs to seek a special project or product innovation. Animosities between the rival companies could cause conflict with the membership of the WTO, based on the high cost of doing business against a competing product able to avoid high opportunity costs. In macroeconomics, inflation could also lead to problems with intellectual property rights disagreements that will ultimately involve the WTO. This is when the price of goods and services rises due to supply, finance, or money supply. Companies that are unable to compete effectively against another company that enjoys comparative advantage may also have inflationary issues arising from the cost of doing business which, in turn, affects overhead costs and production costs. The company could, at the same time, be impacted by inflation associated with international distribution. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-66109809952728172762020-02-05T09:18:00.001-08:002020-02-05T09:18:02.479-08:00Tacit Knowledge for the Training of pre-service Industrial Design and DissertationTacit Knowledge for the Training of pre-service Industrial Design and Technology Teachers in Australia - Dissertation Example From the research it can be comprehended that a lot has been heard and talked about tacit knowledge in the field of teaching and teacher training. According to Chandra and Chalmers, the knowledge contains certain tacit aspects that cannot be codified but are only transmitted through personal experience or training. Tacit knowledge is defined by Shulman as the knowledge that cannot be transferred to other using words either written or verbalised. As such, tacit knowledge has been recognised in the literature of teacher training only one aspect ââ¬â who possesses this knowledge ââ¬â rather than focusing on other aspects and taking it a step further on how this knowledge can be passed down or diffused within the pre-service training period. Various educational theories have cited tacit knowledge as the sole means of learning to teach but this has been a topic of debate and controversy throughout the history. Ma debating on one of the educational theories stated that the traditio nal epistemology is about teaching which include the concepts of objectivist, behaviourist, and positivist. Even though, as stated by Ball, that each of these concepts visualise a different teaching method, the concepts centre on the idea of delivering the content from a tacit point-of-view. In other words, the traditional teaching epistemology focuses on articulating the tacit knowledge rather than to prompt the pre-service teachers to respond or act in a particular manner. (Ball, 2000, p.244). Over the past few years, attention to research on teacher training and education has shifted away from behaviours or skills teaching to the knowledge and beliefs of the teachers i.e. the tacit knowledge (Lampert, 2001, p.127). This shift occurred because of dissatisfied teachers that deliver the teaching contents in a mechanistic manner. In order to understand this behaviour, investigations were carried out in classroom settings that focused around the knowledge and beliefs of the teachers ( Chick, 2002, p.180). Recently, the interest in the training of pre-service teachers has increased because of the concept and utilisation of knowledge. Although researchers take different approaches in their researches and purposes, knowledge is broadly defined as tacit knowledge that teachers learn with respect to their teaching experiences (Sullivan and McDonough, 2002, p.250). Tacit knowledge, for many researchers, implies the presence of complex and context specific teaching nature that can contribute to the enhancement of teachers teaching status as a profession (Chick, 2002, p.187). This tacit knowledge has been explained by many researchers, but was introduced and elaborated by Shulman using the concept of pedagogical content knowledge (Chandra and Chalmers, 2008, p.25). The concept explains tacit knowledge as the interpretations and transformations of subject matter in context that can facilitate student learning (Chandra and Chalmers, 2008, p.26). Teachers who are preparing to teach in secondary schools that often struggle in subjects such as science particularly industrial design and technology. They need to take sufficient courses to meet the degree requirements and learn enough about the subject to be able to teach in schools. However, the training of pre-service industrial design and technology teachers often falls short of preparing the new teachers with the necessary skills and knowledge (Shulman, 1986, p.11). As argued by Ma (1999, p.26), the curriculum changes in the schools particularly in the industrial design and technology subject area, teachers are not being adequately training. The reform in the curriculum requires that teachers need to be trained to be able to provide quality education to all students (Ball, 2000, p.243). However, the exact contents of the subject have been subjected to controversy as when, what, where and how can it be acquired by the teachers. One research suggests that in order to underst Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-71951640387578755352020-01-28T05:41:00.001-08:002020-01-28T05:41:06.133-08:00Expression of Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein (rGFP)Expression of Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein (rGFP) Expression and Purification of recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein (rGFP) from E. coli using Ni2+-Agarose Column Chromatography. Andrea Bustamante Janakikeerthika Darmarpandi Abstract Green Fluorescent Proteins are vital components of bioluminescence in marine animals. There unique ability to withstand and recover from harsh conditions and regain fluorescence was of great interest. The purpose of the following set of experiments was to express and purify a His6-Xpress epitope tagged recombinant form of Green Fluorescent Protein grown and harvested from E. coli. The desired protein is initially released into solution using the properties of freeze-quick thaw cycles that then help release the contents of the nucleus of neighboring bacteria following a chain reaction. It is then submitted through a Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography column where the target protein was purified. The resulting wash and elution fractions where run through a Bradford assay, SDS-PAGE/Coomassie blue staining, and a Western blot to determine the molecular weight of the protein to be 32kDa. The overall specific activity was determined to be 433000 RFU/ mg of total protein with a resulting 20 percent purity. The results show that expression and purification of rGFP from bacterial cells was possible. Introduction Aequorea victoria is a jellyfish capable of producing a green fluorescent light when Ca2+ ions activate a photoprotein, known as aequorin, which excites Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Wild type GFP is a 27kDa, homodimer composed of 238 amino acid residues that absorbs light at an excitation wavelength of 395nm (blue light) and emits light at an emission wavelength of 510nm (green light). Aequorea victoria GFP has a distinctive three dimensional structure that encases a chromophore (formed by cyclization of Ser65-dehydrogenized Tyr-Gly67) and allows for stability under harsh conditions (Prasher, 229-230.) . This structure allows for regaining of fluorescence even after the protein has been denatured upon removal of the denaturant. Therefore, GFPââ¬â¢s are extremely stable to changes in pH, temperature, oxidation and reduction, and chemical reagents (Pan, Pickett, and Rippel 225.) Poly-histidine tags involve addition of a series of histidine residues to the N or C terminus of a protein of interest. Poly-histidine tags are affinity tags that serve to facilitate protein purification by exploiting the positively charged histidine residueââ¬â¢s affinity for negatively charged columns. This series of experiments involved a six repeat histidine codon contained within a DNA plasmid which resulted in a recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein that contained a six residue histidine tag located at the N-terminus. The Hisà 6 tagged recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein was then subjected to Ni2+-agarose column affinity chromatography. Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography allows for the purification of poly-histidine tagged proteins due to the selectivity and affinity of the Ni2+-agarose matrix for His6 tagged proteins. rGFP binds the column due to the interactions between the His6 tagged proteins in the mobile phase with the metal Ni2+ ions immobilized within the matrix in the stationary phase. The Ni2+ ions contained within the matrix are capable of binding electron rich molecules including histidine residues and allowing most other molecules to pass unbound. This results in the binding of the desired protein to the column and the purging of most undesired proteins and contaminants from the column into wash fractions (Ninfa, et al. 100-101.) The column was then subjected to imidazole, which competes with rGFP for Ni2+ ion attachment, and this allows for the elution of the target protein. Due to its unique properties, isolation of GFP was of great interest and expression and purification were the main focus of the following series of experiments. A suitable way to accomplish this was devised using the combination of poly-histidine tagging and affinity chromatography. The purpose of this experiment was to express and purify a six-Histidine tagged recombinant form of Green Fluorescent Protein from E. coli through the use of Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography. After expression and purification, a Bradford assay was performed to estimate total protein amount. This was followed by SDS-PAGE/Coomassie blue staining to determine purity and molecular weight. The confirmation of the presence of rGFP was done using the Western Blot. Materials and Methods Growth of G strain In a test tube, 10ml of liquid LB growth media containing 100ug/ml Amp and 25ug/ml Cam was inoculated with a single bacterial colony of strain G (BL21(DE3)uv>) and was allowed to grow overnight at 37à °C. The culture was shaken until saturated. In a flask, 500ml of liquid LB media (pre-warmed to 30à °C) was inoculated with about 4 ml of the saturated overnight culture (or until the 500ml culture reached an OD600 reading of 0.1) and allowed to grow at 37à °C until the OD600 reading reached 0.5. At approximately OD600 ~0.5, or time zero, 1ml of the culture was harvested into a 1.5ml centrifuge tube and pelleted. The supernatant was discarded and the ââ¬Å"G0â⬠pellet stored at -20à °C for later use. The remaining culture was induced with 1mM IPTG and allowed to grow. After 3 hours, 1ml of the culture was harvested into a 1.5ml centrifuge tube and pelleted. The supernatant was discarded and the ââ¬Å"G3â⬠pellet stored at -20à °C for later use. An additional 15ml of the IPTG induced culture was harvested into a 15ml centrifuge tube and pelleted. The supernatant was discarded and the ââ¬Å"G3-15mlâ⬠was stored at -20à °C. Preparation of rGFP Crude Extract Immediately after removal of the ââ¬Å"G3-15mlâ⬠pellet from freezer, breaking buffer [10mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150mM NaCl] was added into the centrifuge tube. The breaking buffer was pipetted up and down (being careful not to introduce air) until pellet had thawed and homogeneity was reached. The solution was transferred into a 1.5ml centrifuge tube, vortexed for 5 minutes, labeled and placed in 37à °C water bath for 10minutes after which the centrifuge tube was transferred to a rotating platform shaker in a dry air 37à °C incubator for 20 minutes. After lysis, the mixture was centrifuged at 14000xg, 4à °C, for 10 minutes. In a dark room in the presence of a hand held UV light, the fluorescence of the pellet and supernatant where observed the recorded. The supernatant was then decanted and care was taken not to get the pellet back into the supernatant as centrifugation would be required if this did occur. This supernatant was the GCE (rGFP crude extract) Preparation of Ni2+-agarose Column In a 3ml plastic syringe, enough glass wool was placed into the well to cover up to the 1/4 ml marking. The syringe was secured onto a ring stand and placed perpendicular to the ground. About 100ul of breaking buffer was pipetted into the top of a closed luer-lock and allowed to overflow. 1ml of buffer was then pipetted into the syringe column and the luer-lock was immediately screwed onto the syringe. An additional 2ml of breaking buffer was added to the column and several drops of buffer were allowed to flow out. The luer-lock was then returned to the closed position. A total of 500ul of breaking buffer was added to the column and then 1ml of a 0.5ml bed volume Ni2+-agarose slurry was added to the column. The luer-lock was opened and agarose matrix was allowed to ââ¬Å"gravity pack.â⬠The column was pre-equilibrated with 5ml of breaking buffer and then the luer-lock was returned to the closed position. Ni2+-NTA Chromatography Separation Procedures 100ul of GCE was transferred into a centrifuge tube, labeled, and set aside. Breaking buffer was added to remaining GCE if content was less than 1ml. GCE was slowly applied to the Ni2+-agarose column and allowed about 5-10 minutes for protein to bind to column. The luer-lock was opened and 0.5ml of effluent was collected into 1.5ml centrifuge tube and labeled W1. This was repeated with the subsequent effluent labeled W2.The column was then observed under an ultraviolet light and fluorescence recorded. The column was then washed with 4ml of buffer in 0.5ml increments. The effluent was collected and labeled W3 to W10. The column was then washed again with a total of 5ml of breaking buffer. This effluent was discarded. A total of 5ml of elution buffer containing 10mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150mM NaCl, 300mM imidazole was added to the column in 0.5ml increments. The eluents were collected and labeled E1-E10.The column was then observed under a UV light and the fluorescence recorded. The W1-W6 and E1-E6 fractions were also observed under UV light and their fluorescence rec orded qualitatively. Determining Total Protein Amount A standard curve was created using six different samples of Bovine Serum Albumin (1mg/ml) of known amount. The amounts of BSA used all had a final volume of 50ul and included 0ug, 3ug, 5ug, 10ug, and 20ug total proteins. A total of 1ml of Bradford reagent was added to each, vortexed, and allowed to incubate for 10 minutes. The results where read using 200ul in a microtiter dish and read using a microplate reader set to 595nm. The results where plotted on a graph as absorbance (595nm) vs. BSA (ug) and a best fit line was drawn. The Bradford assay was then performed once on the W1-W6 and E1-E6 samples. Any samples whose absorbance fell outside the standard curve were repeated less sample in the assay. Once all samples fell within the standard curve, the Bradford assay was repeated two more times for each sample. The total protein amount was then extrapolated from the standard curve using the absorbance values. Estimating Purity and Molecular Weight The SDS-PAGE was prepared using a 12 percent resolving gel that was poured between the Bio-Rad glass plate ââ¬Å"sandwichâ⬠and allowed to polymerize. A 5 percent stacking gel was prepared and added on top of the resolving gel, a comb was inserted, and the gel was allowed to polymerize. Once that polymerized, the combs were removed and the electrophoresis tank was set up. 15ul of G0, G3, GCE, W3, W4, E2, and E3 samples were added to the SDS-PAGE along with a standard molecular weight ladder. The samples were electrophoresed at 200volts for 45 minutes. The gel was then stained using Coomassie blue dye and the stain removed. Confirmation of rGFP 2-à ²-mercaptoethanol was added to the centrifuge tubes containing the G0, G3, GCE, W3, W4, E2, and E3 samples and were loaded along with a molecular weight ladder and electrophoresed as described above. The stacker was removed and the resulting gel set up for transfer onto a nitrocellulose membrane for Western Blot analysis. The overall setup required a ââ¬Å"building upâ⬠of components with the positive electrode base on the bottom, followed by filter paper soaked in transfer buffer, nitrocellulose paper above that, the SDS/PAGE layer, another layer of filter paper soaked in transfer buffer, Western blot solution was poured over all the components, and finally the negative electrode lid was locked into position. To ensure transfer, the nitrocellulose gel was stained using Ponceau S and allowed to incubate for two minutes on a rocker and then destained using ddH2O. The membrane was then blocked using 5% non-fat dry milk/TBS solution and incubated for 30 minutes on a rocking p latform. This was then and washed three times with 0.05%Tween 20/TBS with 5 minutes of incubation between each wash. It was then probed with mouse IgG anti-Xpress epitope MAb solution and allowed to incubate for 45 minutes. The 0.05%Tween 20/TBS wash was repeated in triplicate. A secondary probe using sheep IgG anti-mouse IgG conjugated horseradish peroxidase polyclonal anti-serum solution was performed as above and then washed in triplicate. The nitrocellulose gel was developed using TMB until desired intensity was reached and development was stopped with water and results recorded immediately. Results The expression of the target protein was doubly repressed in the G0 (uninduced) sample of E. coli. First, the Lac repressor protein binds to the lac operator and prevents transcription by T7 RNA polymerase (Garrett and Grisham 915-916). Second, T7 RNA was repressed by lysozyme protein that binds to T7 RNA polymerase and inhibits transcription. Expression of rGFP in the G3 (3 hour post induction) sample was made possible through the use of IPTG (Garrett and Grisham 914.) The purpose of IPTG was to repress the Lac repressor which resulted in T7 RNA polymerase being able to transcribe DNA downstream of the T7 promoter and expression of His6-Xpress-GFPuv, resulting in the fluorescent capable recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein. (Figure 1) This resulting recombinant GFP is a 279 amino acid protein. rGFP has a six Histidine tag at its N terminus between amino acids 5 and 10, an Xpress epitope between amino acids 24 and 31, Green Fluorescent Protein between amino acids 39 and 277, and a 3 amino acid end tag between amino acids 277 and 279. The chromophore is found between amino acids 103 and 105 in the DNA sequence. (Figure 2) Results of Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography and Bradford assay indicated that the E3 (elution 3) sample contained the most rGFP activity with approximately 18,600 RFU (relative fluorescent units) and an estimate 43ug of total protein. The specific activity calculated for the sample was 433000 RFU/ mg of total protein. (Figure 3) The SDS-PAGE/Coomassie staining gave an estimate molecular weight for rGFP of 32kDa based on a total traveled distance of 2.3cm along the SDS/PAGE. The overall purity of the band was approximately 20 percent. The higher molecular weight band was most likely contaminants at about 45kDa and the lower molecular weight band was possibly a result of the degradation of the c-terminus at 27kDa. (Figure 4) Western Blot indicated prominent bands in the E3, E2, GCE, and G3 lanes. Lanes W4 and W3 showed very light bands and lane G0 shows an absence of bands. All visible bands appear at about 32 kDa and therefore confirm the presence of rGFP. (Figure 5) Conclusion The successful expression and purification of recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein is significant in the scientific community due to the possible uses for it in the future. Green Fluorescent Protein is significant because it provides an inexpensive and relatively easy method of detection. The possibility for real time detection means result could be obtained in real time. Future experiments will focus on linking rGFP to proteins during transcription and translation. This would result in a desired protein with a GFP tag whose fluorescence can then be used for identification. This should result in the ability to locate a target protein using the fluorescence of rGFP. Future applications of GFP could include incorporation into the genetic code of small mammals. These could encode fluorescent neurons which in turn could help further research in areas such as nerve tissue regeneration or other advances in neurobiology. Its unique properties of endurance could be exploited to understand how it can endure harsh environments and still regain functionality after remediation. This would have significant applications in molecular and cellular biology in understanding cellular degeneration and how help patients with diseases involving cellular degeneration. Bibliography Pan, Jing, Elizabeth Pickett, and Scott Rippel. Biochemistry Laboratory Lecture Notes. Dallas: UTD copy center, 2013. 225-289. Print. Pan, Jing, Elizabeth Pickett, and Scott Rippel. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. Dallas: UTD copy center, 2013. 38-77. Print. Prasher, Douglas C., Virginia K. Eckenrode, et al. Primary Structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Gene. 111. (1992): 229-233. Print. Garrett, R., and Charles M. Grisham. Biochemistry. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Ninfa, Alexander J., and David P. Ballou. Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology. Bethesda, Md.: Fitzgerald Science Press, 1998. 89-107. Print. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-9325116198335783052020-01-20T02:05:00.001-08:002020-01-20T02:05:03.650-08:00Physical-Based Intervention Therapies For Children with Autism SpectrumAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is not one specific disorder, but a group of disorders that have similar behavioral characteristic, such as difficulty with communication and socialization. The cause of ASD is still unknown but there are studies that indicate there may a genetic or environmental component. More specifically, ASD can cause limitations in intellectual abilities as well as difficulties with attention and motor coordination. ASD is usually identified during the first three years of life and affects boys at a higher rate than girls (Autism Society). ASD actually occurs at five times a higher rate in boys than in girls, affecting as many as 1 in 54 boys as compared to 1 in 252 girls (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Newer reports have shown that the prevalence of ASD has increased over previous years and indicates that ASD can actually affect as many as 1 in 88 individuals (Autism Speaks). There are a multitude of different types of therapies than can assist individuals whose lives are affected by ASD. This paper describes many of the challenges faced by individuals with ASD and also explores some of the physical based activities that have been shown to be effective in helping children with ASD overcome many of the obstacles they face. Motor impairments are one of a large number of concerns for children who are diagnosed with ASD. These motor impairments can be quite diverse and include impairments that affect the individual with ASDââ¬â¢s gross and fine motor skills and control of posture (Bhat, Landa, & Galloway, 2011). There is research reflecting that eighty-three percent of children with ASD demonstrate below average functioning on various motor-skill related tests. These motor impairments can affec... ...dquatictherapy.htm O'Connor, J., French, R., & Henderson, H. (2000). Use of Physical Activity to Improve Behavior of Children With Autism -- Two for One Benefits. Palaestra , 22-29. Prupas, A., Harvey, W. J., & Benjamen, J. (2006). Early Intervention Aquatics. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance , 46-51. Reid, G., O'Connor, J., & Lloyd, M. (2003). The Autism Spectrum Disorders: Physical Activity Instruction Part III. Palestra , 20-48. Smith, B. (2011, April). Hippotherapy: Teaching Strategies for Students with Autism. Retrieved March 23, 2012, from Bright Hub: http://www.brighthub.com/education/special/articles/19121.aspx Tomchek, S. D., & Dunn, W. (2007). Sensory Processing in Children With and Without Autism: A Comparative Studing Using the Short Sensory Profile. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 190-200. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-66816386774324027212020-01-11T22:27:00.001-08:002020-01-11T22:27:03.604-08:00Interagency disaster management EssayIntroduction The term ââ¬Å"disasterâ⬠has only transient significance. It is a set off, a flag to signal a meaning, a spur to produce a specific reaction. Yet it has almost no significance for the activities that are carried out under the marque of a disastrous event. Disasters do not cause effects. The effects are what we call a disaster (Dombrowsky 1998, 21). No disaster ââ¬Å"worksâ⬠and an earthquake is not anything more than shock waves, never a fist that hits a city. The term that ââ¬Å"a disaster strikesâ⬠is as wrong as saying ââ¬Å"the winds blow,â⬠as there is no separate process that swells the cheeks to rage. Wind is air in explicit motion, not a separate being that makes the air move. In a definite way, it is the same with disasters: there is no difference between a disaster and its effects. And to cope with disaster, Disaster Management came into existence. Crozier and Friedberg characterize a Disaster Management organization as a ââ¬Å"merger of human beings with the aim to solve their vital problemsâ⬠(1979:12). The capabilities of the organization for problem-solving, however, develop step by step from those solutions that have been successful in the first place. Read more:à Sharing Responsibility During Disaster Disaster Management, as Crozier and Friedberg put it, and then lean to organize themselves around their success. In the long run, the successful solutions particularly have to be defended against competitors and envy. Thus, the operation of organizations leans to turn into a hedgehog position. Progressively, the operation of the organization is transferred into the centre of the efforts of its members. at that time, an organization has turned to selfishness. Its only interests are self-preservation; the organization is controlling itself, with the original reason for its establishment being turned into a subordinate, accessory matter. Simultaneously, the discernment of reality changes from a creative, problem-oriented awareness, toward a cynical, solution-oriented persistence. Instead of scanning for upcoming problems, the self-preserving organization describes reality within the framework of its available resolutions. The interest is less in focusing on potential solutions for upcoming problems, but more on the applicability of the available solutions. This shift is significant because it marks a difference in the ways of perceiving the world. The primary way is analyzing the problem in favour of finding a passable solution. Thus, basic aim of interagency disaster management is not to focus on the fundamental problems of the victims, but on the solutions they have at hand or can offer. Reality then is completely seen from one approach; the solution defines the problem, and deductively, reality. ââ¬Å"Disaster management â⬠are mainly defined this way. The cases where warm clothing was sent to African famines or thousands of tons of contraceptives or cough mixtures were sent to mass victim situations are not only mistakes, but the rational outcome of the inner dynamics of self-preserving organizations. The concept is characteristically used in disaster medicine and in emergency planning for nuclear accidents. Also directly influenced by practice are those conceptualizations of disaster that are built along the distinctive planning and action systems of emergency management. Successful community-based and participatory approaches to disaster management often distinguish local human capacity as well as susceptibility. Empowering those most pretentious by disaster through a role in management, planning and response can have psychosocial and practical gains. People exposed to disaster might have come close to death, which might shake their belief in themselves and their principles to the foundations. Life might be perceived as chaos, diminishing their ability to respond adequately to the new situation, manage their lives and meet basic needs. Rebuilding the foundation will form meaning from chaos, and much of the foundation in life is build on human relations. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-72037174694388501142020-01-03T18:51:00.001-08:002020-01-03T18:51:03.156-08:00Biography of Kit Carson Kit Carson became widely known in the mid-1800s as a trapper, guide, and frontiersman whose daring exploits thrilled readers and inspired others to venture westward. His life, for many, came to symbolize the hardy traits Americans needed to survive in the West. In the 1840s Carson was being mentioned in newspapers in the East as a noted guide who had lived among the Indians in the region of the Rocky Mountains. After guiding an expedition with John C. Fremont, Carson visited Washington, D.C., in 1847 and was invited to dinner by President James K. Polk. Lengthy accounts of Carons visit to Washington, and accounts of his adventures in the West, were printed widely in newspapers in the summer of 1847. At a time when many Americans were dreaming of heading westward along the Oregon Trail, Carson became something of an inspirational figure. For the next two decades Carson reigned as something of a living symbol of the West. Reports of his travels in the West, and periodic mistaken reports of his death, kept his name in the newspapers. And in the 1850s novels based on his life appeared, making him an American hero in the mold of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. When he died in 1868 the Baltimore Sun reported it on page one, and noted that his name has been the synonym of wild adventure and daring to all Americans of the present generation. Early Life Christopher Kit Carson was born in Kentucky on December 24, 1809. His father had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and Kit was born the fifth of 10 children in a fairly typical frontier family. The family moved to Missouri, and after Kits father died his mother apprenticed Kit to a sadder. After learning to make saddles for a time, Kit decided to strike out westward, and in 1826, at the age of 15, he joined an expedition that took him along the Santa Fe trail to California. He spent five years on that first western expedition and considered that his education. (He received no actual schooling, and did not learn to read or write until late in life.) After returning to Missouri he left again, joining an expedition to northwestern territories. He was engaged in fighting against the Blackfeet Indians in 1833, and then spent about eight years as a trapper in the western mountains. He married a woman of the Arapahoe tribe, and they had a daughter. In 1842 his wife died, and he returned to Missouri where he left his daughter, Adaline, with relatives. While in Missouri Carson met the politically-connected explorer John C. Fremont, who hired him to guide an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.à Famous Guide Carson traveled with Fremont on an expedition in the summer of 1842. And when Fremont published an account of his trek which became popular, Carson was suddenly a famous American hero.à In late 1846 and early 1847 he fought in battles during a rebellion in California, and in the spring of 1847 he came to Washington, D.C., with Fremont. During that visit he found himself very popular, as people, especially in the government, wanted to meet the famous frontiersman. After having dinner at the White House, he was eager to return West. By the end of 1848 he was back in Los Angeles. Carson had been commissioned an officer in the U.S. Army, but by 1850 he was back to being a private citizen. For the next decade he was engaged in various pursuits, which included fighting Indians and trying to run a farm in New Mexico. When the Civil War broke out he organized a volunteer infantry company to fight for the Union, though it mostly battled with local Indian tribes. An injury to his neck from a horseback accident in 1860 created a tumor that pressed on his throat, and his condition worsened as the years went on. On May 23, 1868, he died at a U.S. Army outpost in Colorado. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-31984737681217648532019-12-26T15:18:00.001-08:002019-12-26T15:18:02.600-08:00Literature Through The Use Of Ethnographies - 1389 Words literature through the use of Ethnographies. By doing so, Anthropologists initiate on-going conversations within this field, engaging in a plethora of topic ideas and research studies. This does not only create a platform for discussion but permits a variety of opinions amongst social findings that continue to develop our understanding of societal behaviours. This notion is evident in Undoing Kinship which explores the meaning of Kinship and further, how it is understood and exercised in different cultures. It is through this text that we, as readers, and others, as Anthropologists, begin to question our own knowledge of Kinship and review these viewpoints in aid of a wider Anthropological conversation. Undoing Kinship focuses on how kinship is formed, maintained and equally removed. Its reference to new reproductive technologies (NTRs) provokes an exploration of kinship in detail, in which conception is not the only attributing factor. Edwards encounter with the people in Alltown draws on the intricacies of family relationships and reveals that from Kinship stems many concepts. This is emphasised through wider kin and donor siblings in which relations extend beyond scientific and biological donor practice as social relationships are often formed between children conceived with gametes from the same donor. Edward later argues in Donor Siblings that kinship can be ignited through desire, will and intention, even if the spark came from elsewhere. 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The researcher must become immersed in the culture under study (Gray, 2014). It was the members of Chicago School, Park, Dewey and Mead, that adapted anthropological methods to the study of culture (Creswell, 2013). It is through the ethnography that researcher becomes aRead MoreCaptivity Of North America And Continued As A Significant Genre Of American Literature Essay1406 Words à |à 6 PagesCaptivity narratives began with the settlement of North America and continued as a significant genre in American literature until the end of the nineteenth century. The first captivity narratives are believed to have been created by Native Americans who were captured by early Spanish explorers. However, the genre commonly refers to the accounts written by European settlers who were abducted by Native Americans. European settlers were fleeing to the ââ¬Å"new landâ⬠in order to escape religious persecutions Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-66935136316056632822019-12-18T11:06:00.001-08:002019-12-18T11:06:03.514-08:00Role Of Artificial Intelligence On Mechanical Design Systems Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Design Systems Sagar Sarkar Student, B-Tech Mechanical and Automation Engineering Sagarsarkar043@gmail.com Introduction Artificial Intelligence is a type of Intelligence developed by machines, robots or software in order to take decisions on its own .Artificial intelligence has many goals such as reasoning ,natural language processing ,planning, Knowledge ,learning ,speech recognition, handwriting recognition etc . Basically it has the goals such as to create expert level human intelligence in machines. Artificial intelligence requires the knowledge of Probability , Statistics, neural networks, computer science, programming ,mathematical optimizations. Artificial intelligence is one of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This makes them applicable to tasks such as speech recognition. Multilayer Feedforward Neural Network-It is a class of feedforward artificial neural network. An MLP contains at least three layers of nodes. Except for the input nodes, each node is a neuron that uses a nonlinear activation function. MLP utilizes a supervised learning technique called backpropagation for training. It can distinguish data that is not linearly separable. Convulent Neural Network -These are application image data. And as the size of the image increases the number of parameters becomes very large. We ââ¬Å"convolveâ⬠the images to decrease the number of parameters As we slide the filter over the width and height of the input volume we will produce a 2-dimensional activation mapShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1156 Words à |à 5 PagesTitle: Understanding Emotional Intelligence and its role in development of AI Introduction In 1983, Howard Gardener, an American psychologist proposed eight (originally seven) types of intelligences (Gardner, Howard, 1983, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences). Emotional Intelligence was not one of the eight as it did not fulfill eight criteria set by Gardener which all intelligence must meet. It is interesting that Gardener gave interpersonal intelligence place in the list as it dealsRead MoreThe Fear Of Robots From Star Wars1414 Words à |à 6 Pageswith them or they are against them and fear any kind of artificial intelligence. Robotics is a double-edged sword; there is a considerable amount of evidence and experience to safely say that robots are essential to humans, yet many people have the innate fear that they will surpass humans. Rather than fearing robots, people should try to embrace the advancing technology and the benefits that could result from it. The idea of creating artificial beings has been with humans for thousands of years. InRead MoreA Design Strategy For Mixed Mode System1673 Words à |à 7 Pageshybrid approach to space conditioning that combines passive techniques with mechanical system, reaching the optimum performance by switching between them. Architects and building designers are exploring mixed-mode as a way of combining the best features of air-conditioned and naturally-ventilated buildings. When natural ventilation cant afford indoor comfort it switched to mechanical ventilation but revert to mechanical systems for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning when external conditions areRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Essay2133 Words à |à 9 PagesThis paper will give a brief definition of the term Artificial Intelligence (AI). It will take an in-depth look at the origins and purpose of this exciting field in computer science. In particular, this paper will discuss a few of the many subcategories of research, applications and current technological obstacles that scientist face when developing AI. In addition, the author will look at AIââ¬â¢s various military specific applications for the purpose of training, target acquisition and command andRead MoreTechnology Has Exceeded Our Humanity1807 Words à |à 8 Pageste chnology advances to improve life, it also begins to create opportunities for misapplications that could allow the quality of life to regress. 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For example, some researchers study the requirements for expert performance at specializedRead MoreRobotics and Artificial Intelligence Essay example1769 Words à |à 8 Pages Robotics and artificial intelligence is the way of the future. Imagine sitting at work and your co-worker is a robot, not just a robot but one who looks like a human, seems a bit far fetched but as predicted by The National Intelligence Council(NIC), a United States government think-tank and research group, technologies will be advanced enough to assume low skilled jobs by the year 3025(Lohr, Steve). Generations beyond this day and age will find it normal to talk to computers just as Siri on theRead MoreMechanical Engineering Applied For Vehicles : Past, Present And Future1765 Words à |à 8 PagesMechanical Engineering Applied In Vehicles: Past, Present and Future Lidong Chen, Xiaotong Du and Zeyu Cheng Introduction Mechanical engineering is an applied discipline which is based on related natural and technical science and combined with technical experience from production practice, aiming to research and solve both theoretical and practical problems in machineââ¬â¢s design, exploitation, fabrication, application and maintenance. Mechanical engineering is a useful subject in many aspectsRead MoreRobotics Essay3721 Words à |à 15 PagesSpace exploration Robots 4 Mars Curiosity Rover 4 Beagal 2 5 Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 5 Medical Robots 6 Miniature nanobots capsules 6 Da Vinci 7 Autonomous/ self-balancing Robots 8 BallBot 8 nBot 9 Artificial Intelligence 10 Sensors for Navigation and Obstacle detection 10 Important of artificial intelligence in robots 10 Motors in Robotics 10 Weight, Power-to-Weight Ratio 10 Reduction gear 11 Bibliography 11 Introduction Robotics is a fundamental study of robots (NASA, WHAT IS ROBOTICS) Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1257836748215175882.post-12081445106312244322019-12-10T07:49:00.001-08:002019-12-10T07:49:04.507-08:00Industry Facts & Figures Questions: 1. How to enter in a firework industry?2. what part of the industry should get involved in?3. Selling what, to whom? Answers: 1. How to enter in a firework industry? For entering in a Chinese firework industry Mr . Jerry Yu has to analysis the SWOT of the industry are as follows: Strengths Experience and education Background of Chinese. Weakness If there is lack of knowledge and experience in firework industry . Should maintain organizational culture. Opportunities Increasing demand of fireworks New technologies[1] Threats Level of competition High chance of coming new substitutes So, at first he has to analysis all the part of SWOT. 2. what part of the industry should get involved in? Mr. Jerry Yu should involve in supplying raw material of fireworks. He also can approach new designs and he can get a new and huge market. For this he should have to develop a good distribution channels[2]. 3. Selling what, to whom? Initially he purchase the raw material from the wholesale market of China. Then he should import to the other countries because the demand of fireworks is very high in other countries like U.S.A or U.K[3]. 4. why would this be a good strategy for Jerry? This is a good strategy for Jerry because: There is less competition level in the market. No required of well trained and skill labor in the industry. No need of advance technologies and less investment[4]. References Admin, MemberClicks. 'Industry Facts Figures'.Americanpyro.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. MacLean, Donald, and Robert MacIntosh. 'Strategic Change As Creative Action'.International Journal of Strategic Change Management4.1 (2012): 80. Web. Olivas-Lujan, Miguel R, and Tanya Bondarouk.Social Media In Strategic Management. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2013. Print. Rothaermel, Frank T.Strategic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2013. Print. [1] Olivas-Lujan, Miguel R, and Tanya Bondarouk.Social Media In Strategic Management. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2013. Print. [2] Admin, MemberClicks. 'Industry Facts Figures'.Americanpyro.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. [3] MacLean, Donald, and Robert MacIntosh. 'Strategic Change As Creative Action'.International Journal of Strategic Change Management4.1 (2012): 80. Web. [4] Rothaermel, Frank T.Strategic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2013. Print. Julieta Mallardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03958157006008375627noreply@blogger.com0